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Animal Anatomy and Physiology > Circulation > Flashcards

Circulation Flashcards

Week 11

1
Q

What are circulatory systems used for?

A

Transporting oxygen and nutrients around the body and removing waste

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2
Q

What does the diversity in circulatory systems tell us about evolution?

A

That evolution does not follow overall optima, but local optima

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3
Q

What are the components of the circulatory system?

A

Heart, blood vessels and blood

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4
Q

What is the difference between arteries and veins?

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood to the heart

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5
Q

Why is the heart needed to act as a pump?

A

The second law of thermodynamics tells us that fluid moving along a vessel will inevitably stop

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6
Q

How does a heart create circulation?

A

By causing a pressure difference

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7
Q

How is the pressure inside the heart increased?

A

Muscle contractions

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8
Q

What is the heart’s contraction phase called?

A

Systole

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9
Q

What is the heart’s relaxation phase called?

A

Diastole

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10
Q

What is the difference between open and closed circulatory systems?

A

Closed systems have the blood enclosed in vessels at all times, wheras open systems have blood in vessels and in the hemocoel

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11
Q

What animals have an open circulatory system?

A

Insects, crustaceans, some molluscs and other invertebrates

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12
Q

What animals have a closed circulatory system?

A

Vertebrates and a few invertebrates

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13
Q

In the hemocoel, the combination of blood and interstitial fluid is called _____

A

Hemolymph

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14
Q

In open systems, what are ostia?

A

Small openings in the heart that allow blood to enter from the hemocoel

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15
Q

What does an insect plan look like?

A

One dorsal vessel, heart in abdomen (indestinguishable from dorsal vessel), blood pumped from posterior to anterior through the vessel

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16
Q

How can an insect’s circulatory system be so simple?

A

They breath through multiple trachea throughout the body surface, so they dont have to transport oxygen

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17
Q

What does a crustacean plan look like?

A

Simple heart pumps blood to hemocoel through 2 aorta. Collecting channels move blood to the gills to oxygenate and then to the space around the heart (not to the heart directly)

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18
Q

What does a bivalve (mollusc) plan look like?

A

Heart (2 atria, 1 ventricle), pumps blood through 2 aorta. Specialised vessels collect blood from gills.

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19
Q

What type of molluscs have a closed system?

A

Cephalopods

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20
Q

How many hearts does a cephalopod have?

A

Three: Two brachial hearts, one for each gill, and a systemic heart to pump blood to the body

21
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Small blood vessels present in closed systems that deliver blood to tissues

22
Q

Is pressure increased or decreased in capillaries?

A

Decreased pressure

23
Q

Why do cephalopods need multiple hearts?

A

They are only simple and so produce a low differential pressure; one would be unable to distribute blood to both the gills and the body

24
Q

How many chambers does a fish heart have? What are they?

A

4 chambers: sinus venosus, atrium, ventrical and bulbus arteriosus (conus arteriosus in sharks)

25
Q

What is vertebrate circulatory apparatus divided into?

A

Respiratory and systemic circulation

26
Q

Fish have a ‘single cycle circuit’. What does this mean?

A

Blood goes through respiratory and systemic circulation sequentially, without returning to the heart

27
Q

What types of valves are present in a fish heart, keeping circulation in one direction?

A

Passive valves

28
Q

How many chambers does an amphibian heart have?

What are they?

A

3 chambers: 2 atria and one ventricle

29
Q

Amphibians are able to control how much deoxygenated blood goes into respiratory and systemic circulation. True or false?

A

True

30
Q

In amphibians, where does gas exchange occur?

A

Lungs and skin

31
Q

What might having one ventricle (amphibians and reptiles) lead to?

A

oxygenated and deoxygenated blood can mix

32
Q

In amphibians, the skin delivers oxygenated blood to systemic veins. Why might this be beneficial?

A

It gives the blood supplying the heart a higher oxygen content, which is useful when the animal is underwater as the animal will be unable to use lungs but will still be able to use skin

33
Q

How many chambers does a reptilian heart have? What are they?

A

3 chambers: 2 atria and one ventricle (ventricle has an incomplete septum).

34
Q

Why is the incomplete septum in a reptilian heart beneficial?

A

It allows for less mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

35
Q

How are crocodiles different from other reptiles?

A

They have a 4 chambered heart (complete septum between ventricles), but systemic arteries exit from both ventricles and connect, allowing for the blood to be selectively mixed

36
Q

Mammals and birds have a ‘doulbe cycled circuit’. What does this mean?

A

Respiratory and systemic circulations are completely separate

37
Q

In mammal and bird hearts, which ventricle is more muscular?

A

Left ventricle - maintains high pressure in systemic circulation

38
Q

Which side of the heart pumps blood through respiratory circulation?

A

Right

39
Q

Which side of the heart pumps blood through systemic circulation?

A

Left

40
Q

What is pulmonary edema?

A

The alvioli in lungs become progressively filled with water

41
Q

What is the Starling-Landis hypothesis?

A

There is a net loss of water from blood as it passes through the capillary network of tissues

42
Q

What does complete ventricle separation allow for?

A

More efficient gas exchange in the lungs, and so more active lifestyles

43
Q

O2 consumption ______ with exercise

A

Increases

44
Q

What does Vo2 max stand for?

A

The maximal rate of oxygen consumption

45
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

The diameter of blood vessels increase

46
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

The diameter of blood vessels decrease

47
Q

How does gravity affect blood pressure?

A

Increases pressure in the lower parts of teh body

48
Q

How do tall animals combat the effect of gravity on blood?

A

Vasoconstriction in lower limbs when standing increases blood flow to the head; vasodilation when head is lowered to prevent too much blood flowing to the head

49
Q

What do amphibians and reptiles use selective vasodilation for?

A

Direct blood to systemic tissues and away from lungs during diving

Animal Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

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