Circulation 2

Question 1

What is physiological and pathological thrombosis?

Answer 1

Physiological thrombosis: Natural after cut or injury (menstruation)
Pathological thrombosis: Absence of cut or traumatic injury

Question 2

What are three main causes of passive thrombosis and what is this set of changes referred to as?

Answer 2

1. Changes in intimal surface of a vessel
2. Changes in blood flow
3. Changes In the blood constituents
   These changes are referred to as Virchow’s triad

Question 3

What is an example of changes in blood constituents of arteries?

Answer 3

Stickiness of platelets increases with smoking cigarettes allowing platelets to aggregate together

Question 4

What is an example of change of intimal surface changes of blood vessels?

Answer 4

Smoking and high blood lipid concentrations lead to atheroma formation on the intimal surface of blood vessels

Question 5

What is an example of blood flow change?

Answer 5

Atheroma causes change in shape of blood vessels that lead to the blood flow to become turbulent and cause slowing down of blood flow which leads to platelet and fibrin collection .

Question 6

What are the lines of Zahn?

Answer 6

Multiple layers of thrombus and blood clots:
Pale layer
layer of clot 
pale layer 
layer of clot

Question 7

What are the consequences of a thrombus partially and fully blocking a blood vessel?

Answer 7

Complete obstruction: no blood flow after the blockage

Partial obstruction: reduced blood flow after the blockage which leads to ischaemic tissue and infarct formation

Question 8

What is the term that describes the tissue supplied by an artery that receives less blood flow?

Answer 8

Ischaemia

Question 9

What is the term describing the decreased oxygenated tissues?

Answer 9

hypoxia

Question 10

By which cardinal sign is ischaemia characterised ?

Answer 10

Pain

Question 11

What does severe blockage of arteries cause?

Answer 11

Reduced blood flow to tissues (ischaemia)
Reduced oxygenated blood to tissues (hypoxia)
Dead tissue (infarct)

Question 12

What is the term describing the process by which tissue dies ?

Answer 12

Necrosis

Question 13

What does thrombosis in the coronary, cerebral and mesenteric artery cause?

Answer 13

Coronary: infarct in heart
Cerebral: Infarct in brain
Mesenteric: Infarct in gut

Question 14

What does embolism mean?

Answer 14

A mass of material moving down the vascular system and is able to get stuck In the vessel and cause blockage of the lumen.

Question 15

What are most embolisms caused by?

Answer 15

Blood clots and thrombi which break off the endothelial wall and travel elsewhere in the body

Question 16

What is the commonest example of a thromboembolism ?

Answer 16

Pulmonary embolism

Question 17

How does pulmonary embolism form and what is its effect?

Answer 17

Pulmonary embolism is common in patients after surgery and it initiates from the thrombus and blood clotting in the lower limb. The thrombus and blood clot break off and travel up the inferior vena cava, then the heart, pulmonary artery where it lodges and leads to pulmonary infarction

Question 18

How is marrow embolism and air embolism arise?

Answer 18

1. Fracture a leg - marrow enters ruptured vein marrow embolises to lung vessels = Marrow embolism
2. Knife wound to neck. Air enters vein  air embolises to heart = Air embolism