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Circulation > Circulation 1 > Flashcards

Circulation 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of blood vessels (arteries in particular) starting from the lumen and moving outwards?

A 
lumen 
endothelium  (several endothelial cells lining the arteries)
basal lamina (connective tissue)
smooth muscle 
interstitial collagen
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2
Q

What makes up blood?

A

Plasma
White blood cells
Red blood cells
Platelets

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3
Q

To what are platelets most commonly not exposed?

A

Interstitial collagen

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4
Q

What makes up plasma?

A

serum

Clotting factors

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5
Q

What is serum?

A

Serum is plasma without clotting factors (water and plasma proteins mainly albumin)

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6
Q

What are examples of clotting factors?

A

Fibrinogen

Prothrombin

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7
Q

What kind of system is the clotting cascade?

A

Amplification system

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8
Q

What is the process that follows initial damage?

A

The plasma becomes exposed to interstitial collagen fibres and the tissue factors in the smooth muscle get exposed to collagen

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9
Q

How do clotting factors get activated?

A

Through exposure of plasma and tissue factors from smooth muscles get exposed to the interstitial collagen where the tissue factors bind to the clotting factors and activate them.

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10
Q

How is clotting cascade initiated?

A

The Tissue Factors bind a particular clotting factor and initiate the clotting cascade

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11
Q

What component of clotting factors allows them to get sequentially activated?

A

The fact that they contain serine proteases that cleave off serine amino acids from the next clotting factors causing the serine amino acids to become activated.

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12
Q

What happens after the clotting factors have been activated?

A

Prothrombin is converted into thrombin and then fibrinogen is converted into fibrin

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13
Q

What marks the end of the clotting cascade?

A

The formation of fibrin insoluble aggregate strands

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14
Q

What kinds of cells do platelets form?

A

Megakaryocytes

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15
Q

What are megakaryocytes and how are they formed?

A

Large cells that have many nuclei that form by undergoing a lot of nuclear division but not cellular division

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16
Q

Where are platelets formed?

A

Bone marrow

17
Q

What do platelets do when there is trauma?

A

They get exposed to interstitial collagen and they produce coagulation

18
Q

What is thrombus composed of?

A

Fibrin mesh and platelets

19
Q

What colour is pure thrombus?

A

Pale cream colour?

20
Q

Where does a thrombus form and why?

A

In a flowing blood

Platelets have factors VII which allow platelets to adhere to interstitial collagen

21
Q

How does blood clotting form?

A

Blood flows out of the blood vessel and it becomes stagnant and causes blood clot due to presence of red blood cells into fibrin strands

22
Q

What is homeostasis referred to in the case of trauma?

A

Stopping bleeding

23
Q

How is the clotting system activated?

A

By collagen and stagnant blood

24
Q

What measures are taken to reduce bleeding if the blood clotting mechanism and the thrombus formation do not work?

A

Vasoconstriction takes place

25
Q

Where does clot formation and thrombus form?

A

Blood clotting: stagnant blood in Space around vessels and into void of wounded tissue
Thrombus formation: Flowing blood in vessels

26
Q

What does vasoconstriction do?

A

Reduce bleeding

27
Q

What can happen after homeostasis ?

A

Capillary vessel formation leading to granulation tissue (fibrin, red blood cells and blood vessels)

28
Q

What is the purpose of granulation tissue?

A

Oxygen supply to keep area around the wound alive

29
Q

What is thrombolysis and how does it take place?

A

Removal of thrombus
Fibrinolytic system that removes fibrin and prevents thrombus formation
Plasma protein (plasminogen) is converted to plasmin which cuts fibrin into fibrin degradation products

30
Q

Where are thrombosis and clotting normal?

A

Wound healing

Bleeding in menstruation

Circulation (3 decks)

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