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Animal Physiology - Bio 353 CSUSM > Circulation > Flashcards

Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Which type of blood vessels are high resistance vessels that can constrict and dilate?

A

Arterioles

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2
Q

Which of the following is not a physiological adaptation used by diving mammals?

A

An increase in heart rate while diving

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3
Q

The Bohr effect describes how in the blood at the _________ partial pressure of CO2 is
__________, which promotes the __________ of O2 from hemoglobin.

A

tissues, high, unloading

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3
Q

Blood flow, blood pressure and vascular resistance are three variables that are important in
circulation. Use an equation to describe how the variables are related to each other. What factors influence vascular resistance and how does it alter blood flow and blood pressure? (6 PTS)

A
  • Blood flow = blood pressure / vascular resistance
  • Blood pressure = blood flow x vascular resistance
    Factors than influence vascular resistance:
  • viscosity - resistance increases
  • radius –> as radius decreases (by 1/2), resistance increases (by 16x)
  • length - resistance increases , blood flow decreases, blood pressure increases
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3
Q

Describe how many chambers exist in the heart and the general circulatory plan for mammals (5 pts)

A

Mammals (4 chambers)
* Right atria = receiving O2 poor blood from body via vena cava
* Left atria = receiving O2 rich blood from lungs via pulmonary veins
* Right ventricle = receives blood from right atria (blood to lungs via pulmonary arteries)
* Left ventricle = receives blood from left atria (blood to body via aorta)
-Left side of heart deals with O2 rich blood (more muscular ventricle generates higher pressure – efficient blood delivery to body –> mammals are high energy endotherms
-Right side of heart deals with O2 poor blood

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3
Q

What are the main ways terrestrial animals can lose water to the environment?

A
  • Evaporation across their general body surface
  • Excretory evaporative water loss
  • Respiratory evaporative water loss
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4
Q

Describe how many chambers exist in the heart and the general circulatory plan for amphibians (vertebrate) (5 pts)

A

Amphibians (3 chambered)
- 2 atrial , 1 ventricle
- Right atria = O2 poor blood from body
- Left atria = O2 rich blood from the lungs w/ the mixing of O2 poor + rich blood in ventricle, spiral valve helps to keep O2 rich + poor blood a little separate
-Sends blood to skin to pick up O2
-Alters blood flow to lungs + skin depending on how much being used for gas exchange (Flexibility)

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5
Q

Describe how cooperativity between the four subunits of hemoglobin creates a sigmoid
oxygen-equilibrium curve. How does this help in the delivery of oxygen to the tissues? (8 pts)

A
  • When O2 binds to one hemoglobin the others become more relaxed–> increases affinity (easier for O2 to bind)
  • Affinity increases each time an O2 binds to a hemoglobin
    (Look at drawing in notes)
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6
Q

Marine fish face the problem of passively losing water to, and gaining ions from, the surrounding environment. Describe what processes occur to keep the blood hyposmotic to the surrounding
water. (6 PTS.)

A
  • Passively lose water + gain electrons

What do they do to stay hyposmotic? (less concentrated blood compared to water)

  • Drink water, but this brings in more salt
  • Actively transports ions from gut into blood –> water follows
  • Excrete Na+ + Cl- (monovalent ions) at gills –> actively uses ATP
  • Excrete divalent ions in urine at kidneys (Mg 2+, SO2-4) –> uses ATP
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7
Q

Why do animals have a circulatory system?

A
  • Transport
  • Regulation
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8
Q

3 types of transport

A
  1. Respiratory - O2 + CO2
  2. Excretory - waste to kidneys
  3. Nutritive - glucose, amino acids, fatty acids
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9
Q

When does regulation occur?

A
  • Endocrine –> hormones
  • Immune –> cytokines, white blood cells
  • Salt + water balance
  • Temperature
  • Protection –> platelets for blood clotting
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10
Q

4 chambered heart - mammals

A
  • Left side of heart = oxygen rich + high pressure system
  • Right side of heart = oxygen poor + low pressure system
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11
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

lungs

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12
Q

Left ventricle , why is it important ?

A

generates a high pressure
*important to get oxygen rich blood out into the body

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13
Q

Myogenic heart

A

beginning in muscle (vertebrate - human, daphnia)

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14
Q

Neurogenic heart

A

beginning in neurons (lobsters, shrimp, spiders, scorpions)

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15
Q

Electrical potential

A

causes voltage differences in other parts of the body because the heart muscle is depolarized in some regions

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16
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

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17
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization

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18
Q

T wave

A

ventricular depolarization

19
Q

Atria

A

repolarization

20
Q

Where does the heart beat originate?

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

21
Q

Ventricular diastole

A

ventricle is relaxed
- passive filling
- atrial contraction

22
Q

Ventricular systole

A

ventricle is contracting
- atrioventricular valves close
- pulmonary & aortic valves open
- ventricles eject blood

23
Q

Systemic circulation

A

heart sending oxygen-rich blood out to body (higher pressure compared to pulmonary circulation)

24
Q

Cardiac output

A

heart rate x stroke volume

25
Q

Arteries

A
  • thick layer of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
  • handle high pressures from the heart
  • act as pressure reservoir
  • elastic –> ensures blood flow
  • low resistance vessels
26
Q

Arterioles

A
  • major resistance vessels (smaller radius)
  • decrease in blood pressure
  • establishes pressure difference to ensure blood flow to capillaries
  • converts to steady pressure (protect from bursting)
  • smooth muscle constricts and dilates = vascular tone
  • constricts and relax in resting state
27
Q

Capillaries

A
  • site for diffusive exchange between blood and tissues
  • thin walled vessels w/ extensive branching
  • low diffusion distance
  • high surface area
  • low blood flow velocity
28
Q

Venules & Veins

A
  • blood flows from capillary beds into venous system
  • low resistance
  • blood flow velocity increases
29
Q

Systemic veins

A

blood reservoir
- thin walls, less smooth muscle than arteries
- stretch without recoil
- valves prevent backflow
- 60% blood volume for venules and veins

30
Q

Systolic arterial blood pressure

A

120 mm hemoglobin
- pressure in aorta & major arteries during ventricular contraction

31
Q

Diastolic arterial blood pressure

A

80 mm hemoglobin
- pressure in aorta & major arteries during ventricular relaxation (when relaxing, pressure drops)

32
Q

Measuring pressure

A

systolic / diastolic (120/80 mm Hemoglobin - healthy blood pressure)

33
Q

Hypotension

A

low blood pressure
- systolic pressure <100 mm Hemoglobin
- diastolic pressure <60 mm Hemoglobin

34
Q

Hypertension

A

high blood pressure
- systolic pressure >140 mm Hemoglobin
- diastolic pressure >90 mm Hemoglobin

35
Q

What causes hypotension

A
  • orthostatic hypotension = prolonged bed rest
  • circulatory shock
  • hypovolemic shock = hemorrhage, dehydration
  • septic shock = endotoxin releases vasodilator EDRF
  • anaphylactic shock = histamine release
36
Q

Describe an open circulatory system? (this is found only in invertebrates)

A

less energy demanding
- tubular / sac-like heart
- hemolymph opens tubes
- hemolymph flows out into cavities (sinuses)

37
Q

Describe the open circulatory system of an insect (invertebrate).

A

exchange gases through tracheal system (air-filled tubes) independent of circulation
- heat distribution during flight
- hormonal regulation of molting

38
Q

Describe the open circulatory system of a tunicate (invertebrate) .

A

tube-like heart
- peristaltic wave pumps blood from one end to the other
- heart slows, stops & reverses wave to move blood in other direction

39
Q

Describe a closed circulatory system

A

energy demanding animals (cardiovascular system) (us)
- chambered heart
- blood closed tubes (blood vessels)
- diffusion from blood into tissues

40
Q

Describe open vs closed circulatory system

A

open
- less energy demanding
- low pressure system
- supply small body size
- blood return to heart is slow
- not as effective at delivering O2 and nutrients

closed
- more energetically demanding
- high pressure system
- supply larger body size
- blood return to heart is rapid
- more effective at delivering O2 and nutrients

41
Q

Describe a vertebrates circulatory system (fish, amphibians - frogs, reptiles, birds & mammals)

A

closed circulatory system
- blood pumped by 2, 3 or 4 chambered heart
-arteries carry blood to capillaries and veins return blood from capillaries to heart
- capillaries (thin walled vessels) –> exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
- circulation becomes more complex from aquatic to terrestrial environments

42
Q

Describe a fish’s circulatory system

A

2 chambered heart
- 1 atrium
- 1 ventricle
- simple circuit (heart, gills, body, back to the heart)
- heart receives low O2 blood + blood goes from heart to gills limits the system
- low pressure system

43
Q

Describe a amphibians (frogs) circulatory system

A

3 chambered heart
- 2 atria
- 1 ventricle
- mixing of O2 poor + rich blood in ventricle
- spiral valve keeps it a little separate
- right atria = blood from body - systemic circulation
- left atria = blood from lungs - pulmonary circulation
- lungs + skin = gas exchanges
- flexibility in how much blood is sent to lungs + skin depending on how much O2 they can pick up

44
Q

Describe the circulatory system of reptiles

A

3 chambered heart
- 2 atria
- 1 ventricle
- septum in ventricle = incomplete separation
- incomplete separation creates cardiac shunts - blood flow deviates from usual circuit

45
Q

Cardiac shunts

A

blood flows to vessels of least resistance
- shunt blood away from lungs when not in use but can also shunt blood back out

46
Q

Describe the circulatory system of birds & mammals

A

4 chambered heart
- 2 atria
- 2 ventricles
- endothermic - warm tissues due to 4 chambered heart

47
Q

Pulmonary circulation in birds + mammals

A

carries blood between heart and lungs

48
Q

Systemic circulation in birds + mammals

A

carries blood between heart and body

49
Q
A

Animal Physiology - Bio 353 CSUSM (5 decks)

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