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IHO Week 1 > Circulating Blood-Downing > Flashcards

Circulating Blood-Downing Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma vs Serum

A

Serum does NOT clot b/c it lacks the protein fibrinogen & other clotting factors

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2
Q

Blood Plasma vs. Lymph Plasma

A

Blood Plasma:

  • mostly water
  • proteins, inorganic salts, organic compounds

Lymph Plasma:

  • Carries carbonic acid (very little O2)
  • lots of chylomicrons after a meal = CHYLE
  • COAGULATES MORE SLOWLY than blood
  • fibrin forms a colorless clot
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3
Q

Universal Donor?

Universal acceptor?

A

O group = donor (anybody can have this because it doesn’t have any antigens)

AB group = acceptor (Has bone A & B antigens so bring on any time of blood, brah)

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4
Q

Erythrocytes:
Function
Features:

A

Transport O2 and CO2

Biconcave disk
No nucleus
No organelles besides a couple mitochondria

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5
Q

OH NO. Erythrocytes barely have any mitochondria. How do they produce energy?

A

CHILL OUT.

  • anaerobic glycolysis
  • pentose phosphate pathways
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6
Q

Platelets:
Function=
Features=

A

Forms clots.

  • Derived from megakaryocytes in bone marrow
  • No nucleus
  • central granulomere and peripheral hyalomere.
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7
Q

Granulocytes/polymorphonuclear Cells

Features=

A

Have specific granules
Non mitotic

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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8
Q

Agranulocytes/mononuclear

A
  • lack specific granules
  • CAN REPRODUCE by mitosis after leaving the vascular system

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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9
Q

Neutrophils

%
Features:

A

50-70% of differential count

Many lobed nuclei & specific granules
-3 types of granules: azurophilic, neutrophilic, tertiary

-plasma membrane contains NADPH oxidase

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10
Q

Neutrophil granules

Azurophilic
Neutrophilic
Tertiary

A

Azurophilic: reddish-purple color

  • contain lysosomal enzymes & myeloperoxidase (peroxidase)
  • DECREASE in # progressively

Neutrophilic: lilac color

  • contain alkaline phosphatase
  • bacteriocidal substances (lysozyme, lactoferrin)
  • INCREASE in #

Tertiary:

  • gelatinase
  • cathepsins
  • aid in phagocytic process
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11
Q

Function of neutrophils:

A

First responders– kill bacteria by:

  1. Enzymatic
    - -phagocytosis= phagosome
    - -specific granules fusing w/ phagosome= inactivate material
    - -azurophilic granules fusing with phagosome= digesting the material
    - - expel the material
  2. Formation of reactive oxygen compounds

– neutrophils die and become pus

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12
Q

3 types of neutrophil granules

A

Azurophilic: contain lysosomal enzymes and myeloperoxidase (peroxidase)
*progressively DECREASE in #

Neutrophilic (specific): contain alkaline phosphatase and bacteriocidal substances (lysozyme, lactoferrin)
*progressively INCREASE in #

Tertiary: contain gelatinase and cathepsins that get inserted into plasma membrane and aid in phagocytic processes

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13
Q

Neutrophil’s plama membrane

A

-contains NADPH oxidase bound to EC surface

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14
Q

Neutrophil functions:

A

1st responders (chemotactically attracted to site)
Kill bacteria by:
1. Enzymes: engulf foreign stuff==phagosome –> specific granules fusing with phagosome to inactivate material —> azurophilic granules fuse to digest material –> expell material.
2. Formation of Reactive oxygen compounds

-die and become pus of abscess

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15
Q

Eosinophils 1-4%

A
  • large eosinophilic granules

- 2 lobed nucleus

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16
Q

Eosinophil specific granules

A

very large
-contain arginine in protein
crystalline structure in granule core

Major basic protein and eosinophilic cationic protein are very good at combating PARASITES.

17
Q

Eosinophil Azurophilic granules

A

Lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes and peroxidase

-help in destruction of parasitic worms and teh hydrolysis of antigen-antibody complexes

18
Q

Eosinophil Functions:

A
  • located in respiratory and GI tracts
  • binding of histamine, leukotrines and eosinophil chemotactic factor results in migration to site of allergic rxn, inflammatory rxn, or parasitic worm invasion.
  • # increase in parasitic infection and allergic rxn.
  • degrade chemical mediators such as leukotrienes and histamine to REGULATE local inflammatory response
19
Q

Basophils 0.5% of differential count

A

Irregular shaped nucleus

20
Q

Basophil granules

A

Specific: basophilic and metachromatic
-contain heparin, hisamine, eosinophil chemotactic factor, neutrophil chemotactic factor, and peroxidase

Azurophilic: lysosomes

21
Q

Basophil functions

A

Involved in mediating allergic and inflammatory rxns

IgE is always bound to the Fc receptor of basophil. once antigen binds to IgE –>degranulation
Increase in leukemia
Increase in smallpox, chickpox, and sinus inflammations

22
Q

Lymphocytes 20-40%

A 
90% are small lymphocytes
10% are large
Nucleus is indented on one side
-densely packed chromatin 
Cytoplasm==thin rim
23
Q

B lymphocyte

  • –> plasma cells
  • –> memory cells
A

15% of lymphocytes
Develop in bone marrow

  • –> plasma cells: produce antigen specific circulating Ig’s (humoral antibody response)
  • –> memory cells: stimulated by re-exposure to antigen (secondary response)
24
Q

T lymphocytes

Development & Function

A

80-90% of lymphocytes
Develop in Thymus
-Each develops an INDIVIDUAL antigen specificity

Function: Cell mediated immunity

cytotoxic t, t helper, t suppressor cells

25
Q

Needed for activation of T cells:

A

Appropriate antigen

Macrophage must process antigen for presentation

26
Q

Monocytes 2-8%

A

Originate in bone marrow
KIDNEY SHAPED NUCLEUS
Eccentrically placed, lighter staining

27
Q

Functions of Monocytes:

A
  1. Diapedesis –>become macrophages
  2. second line of defense against invading organisms
  3. Bring T and B cells together to help B cells differentiate and make Ig’s
  4. APCs
  5. Monocytosis: increased #s
28
Q

Chylomicrons

A

fat combined with plasma proteins

found in plasma

29
Q

Hemoconia (dust)

A

junk in the bloodstream

broken down RBCs, endothelial cells, etc.

IHO Week 1 (12 decks)

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