Circulating Blood-Downing Flashcards
Plasma vs Serum
Serum does NOT clot b/c it lacks the protein fibrinogen & other clotting factors
Blood Plasma vs. Lymph Plasma
Blood Plasma:
- mostly water
- proteins, inorganic salts, organic compounds
Lymph Plasma:
- Carries carbonic acid (very little O2)
- lots of chylomicrons after a meal = CHYLE
- COAGULATES MORE SLOWLY than blood
- fibrin forms a colorless clot
Universal Donor?
Universal acceptor?
O group = donor (anybody can have this because it doesn’t have any antigens)
AB group = acceptor (Has bone A & B antigens so bring on any time of blood, brah)
Erythrocytes:
Function
Features:
Transport O2 and CO2
Biconcave disk
No nucleus
No organelles besides a couple mitochondria
OH NO. Erythrocytes barely have any mitochondria. How do they produce energy?
CHILL OUT.
- anaerobic glycolysis
- pentose phosphate pathways
Platelets:
Function=
Features=
Forms clots.
- Derived from megakaryocytes in bone marrow
- No nucleus
- central granulomere and peripheral hyalomere.
Granulocytes/polymorphonuclear Cells
Features=
Have specific granules
Non mitotic
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranulocytes/mononuclear
- lack specific granules
- CAN REPRODUCE by mitosis after leaving the vascular system
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Neutrophils
%
Features:
50-70% of differential count
Many lobed nuclei & specific granules
-3 types of granules: azurophilic, neutrophilic, tertiary
-plasma membrane contains NADPH oxidase
Neutrophil granules
Azurophilic
Neutrophilic
Tertiary
Azurophilic: reddish-purple color
- contain lysosomal enzymes & myeloperoxidase (peroxidase)
- DECREASE in # progressively
Neutrophilic: lilac color
- contain alkaline phosphatase
- bacteriocidal substances (lysozyme, lactoferrin)
- INCREASE in #
Tertiary:
- gelatinase
- cathepsins
- aid in phagocytic process
Function of neutrophils:
First responders– kill bacteria by:
- Enzymatic
- -phagocytosis= phagosome
- -specific granules fusing w/ phagosome= inactivate material
- -azurophilic granules fusing with phagosome= digesting the material
- - expel the material - Formation of reactive oxygen compounds
– neutrophils die and become pus
3 types of neutrophil granules
Azurophilic: contain lysosomal enzymes and myeloperoxidase (peroxidase)
*progressively DECREASE in #
Neutrophilic (specific): contain alkaline phosphatase and bacteriocidal substances (lysozyme, lactoferrin)
*progressively INCREASE in #
Tertiary: contain gelatinase and cathepsins that get inserted into plasma membrane and aid in phagocytic processes
Neutrophil’s plama membrane
-contains NADPH oxidase bound to EC surface
Neutrophil functions:
1st responders (chemotactically attracted to site)
Kill bacteria by:
1. Enzymes: engulf foreign stuff==phagosome –> specific granules fusing with phagosome to inactivate material —> azurophilic granules fuse to digest material –> expell material.
2. Formation of Reactive oxygen compounds
-die and become pus of abscess
Eosinophils 1-4%
- large eosinophilic granules
- 2 lobed nucleus
Eosinophil specific granules
very large
-contain arginine in protein
crystalline structure in granule core
Major basic protein and eosinophilic cationic protein are very good at combating PARASITES.
Eosinophil Azurophilic granules
Lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes and peroxidase
-help in destruction of parasitic worms and teh hydrolysis of antigen-antibody complexes
Eosinophil Functions:
- located in respiratory and GI tracts
- binding of histamine, leukotrines and eosinophil chemotactic factor results in migration to site of allergic rxn, inflammatory rxn, or parasitic worm invasion.
- # increase in parasitic infection and allergic rxn.
- degrade chemical mediators such as leukotrienes and histamine to REGULATE local inflammatory response
Basophils 0.5% of differential count
Irregular shaped nucleus
Basophil granules
Specific: basophilic and metachromatic
-contain heparin, hisamine, eosinophil chemotactic factor, neutrophil chemotactic factor, and peroxidase
Azurophilic: lysosomes
Basophil functions
Involved in mediating allergic and inflammatory rxns
IgE is always bound to the Fc receptor of basophil. once antigen binds to IgE –>degranulation
Increase in leukemia
Increase in smallpox, chickpox, and sinus inflammations
Lymphocytes 20-40%
90% are small lymphocytes 10% are large Nucleus is indented on one side -densely packed chromatin Cytoplasm==thin rim
B lymphocyte
- –> plasma cells
- –> memory cells
15% of lymphocytes
Develop in bone marrow
- –> plasma cells: produce antigen specific circulating Ig’s (humoral antibody response)
- –> memory cells: stimulated by re-exposure to antigen (secondary response)
T lymphocytes
Development & Function
80-90% of lymphocytes
Develop in Thymus
-Each develops an INDIVIDUAL antigen specificity
Function: Cell mediated immunity
cytotoxic t, t helper, t suppressor cells
Needed for activation of T cells:
Appropriate antigen
Macrophage must process antigen for presentation
Monocytes 2-8%
Originate in bone marrow
KIDNEY SHAPED NUCLEUS
Eccentrically placed, lighter staining
Functions of Monocytes:
- Diapedesis –>become macrophages
- second line of defense against invading organisms
- Bring T and B cells together to help B cells differentiate and make Ig’s
- APCs
- Monocytosis: increased #s
Chylomicrons
fat combined with plasma proteins
found in plasma
Hemoconia (dust)
junk in the bloodstream
broken down RBCs, endothelial cells, etc.
