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IHO Week 1 > Circulating Blood > Flashcards

Circulating Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the technical classification of blood?

A

It’s connective tissue

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2
Q

What does blood develop from embryologically?

A

embryonic tissue mesenchyme

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3
Q

What are the CELLULAR components of peripheral blood?

A
  1. erythrocytes (RBCs)
  2. Leukocytes (WBCs)
  3. Platelets
  4. “dust” or hemoconia
  5. chylomicrons
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4
Q

What are the components of the intercellular material (plasma)?

A
  1. water - 90%
  2. proteins (albumin, globulins, etc.)
  3. Inorganic salts (Cl-, HCO3-, etc)
  4. organic compounds (amino acids, vitamines, hormones, etc.)
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5
Q

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

plasma clots while serum doesn’t because it lacks fibrinogen (and other clotting factors)

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6
Q

What is the life span of a RBC?

A

120-130 days

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7
Q

About how many RBCs are present in the body of a male?female?

A 
male = 5x 10^6/mm3
female = 4.5x10^6/mm3
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8
Q

Which are more numerous, RBCs or WBCs?

A

RBCs by a lot (500 to 1000 times more numerous)

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9
Q

Describe the shape of a RBC.

A

It’s a biconcave disk
diameter is 7-8 um
width is 2 um

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10
Q

What is the shape of an RBC dependent on?

A

spectrin-ankyrin-actin interaction

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11
Q

List some of the organelles that RBCs lack.

A

nucleus, golgi, cnetrioles, lysosomes, RER

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12
Q

Because an RBC has few mitochondria, what system does it have to use for energy production?

A

It uses anaerobic glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway instead of oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q

What is most of the cytoplasm made of in RBCs?

A

water 65%, hemoglobin 34%, organelles only 1 %

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14
Q

What is transported by the RBCs?

A

both O2 and CO2

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15
Q

Describe the ABO blood group system.

A

Type A - only antigen A
Type B - only antigen B
Type AB - both antigens
Type O - no antigens

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16
Q

What type is the universal acceptor? What type is the universal donor?

A

AB - acceptor

O - donor

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17
Q

What is the life span of a platelet?

A

8-10 days

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18
Q

What is the number of plateletes present in our body normally?

A

150,000-400,000/mm3

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19
Q

What are platelets derived from?

A

megakaryocytes in the bone marrow - it’s just membrane-bound fragments of that cell

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20
Q

Platelets contain a central ____ and a peripheral _____

A

central granulomere and peripheral hyalomere

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21
Q

What’s present in the granulomere of a platelet?

A

glycogen granules, mitochodnria, and electron-dense tubules

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22
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

they aggregate to form a plug (clotting)

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23
Q

What are the 3 granulocytes/polymorphonuclear WBCs?

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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24
Q

Which are capable of reproducing via mitosis after leaving the vascular system - granulocytes and agranulocytes?

A

agranulocytes can, granulocytes can’t

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25
Q

What are the two types of agranulocytes/mononuclear WBCs?

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

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26
Q

What is the process by which WBCs leave the vascular system?

A

diapedesis

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27
Q

How many hours do neutrophils circulate in the blood stream before migrating into CT?

A

6-12 hours

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28
Q

What are the characteristics of neutrophils and what percentage of the differential count do they typically make?

A
  • they have a many lobed nucleus with specific granules in the cytoplasm
  • comprise 50-70% of the differential
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29
Q

How many lobes are typically in the nucleus of a neutrophil? What holds them together?

A

2-5; held together by chromatin

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30
Q

What percentage of neutrophils are normally banded (or immature)?

A

1%

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31
Q

What are the three types of granules in the cytoplasm of neutrophils?

A
  1. azurophilic (primary)
  2. neutrophilic (secondary)
  3. tertiary
32
Q

What do the axurophilic (primary) granules contain?

A

lysosomal enzymes and myeloperoxidase

33
Q

What do the neutrophilic (secondary/specific) granules contain?

A

alkaline phosphatase and bacteriocidal substances

34
Q

What do the tertiary granules contain?

A

gelatinase, cathepsins, and glycoproteins that can be inserted into the plasma membrane to aid in the phagocytic process

35
Q

What molecules is in the plasma membrane of neutrophils facing the lumen of the phagosome to catalyze the formation of ROS to break bacteria down?

A

NADPH oxidase

36
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

they’re the first line of cellular defense agains tinvasion of microorganisms - they phagocytize and break down

37
Q

What chemotactically attracts the neutrophils?

A

devitalized tissue, bacteria, and other foriegn bodies

38
Q

What two mechanisms do the neutrophils use to break down bacteria?

A
  1. enzymatic (with the digestive materials in the azurophlic granules)
  2. formation of ROS in the phagosomes
39
Q

Dead neutrphils form what?

A

pus of an abscess

40
Q

What characterizes eosinophils? WHat percentage of the differential?

A

has large eosinic granules in the cytoplasm; bilobed nucleus

1-4% of the differential

41
Q

What are the two types of granules in eosinphils?

A
  1. eosinophilic (specific)

2. azurophilic

42
Q

Why are the specific granules so eosinophilic?

A

they have a large amount of arginine in the protein, which picks up the eosine dye

43
Q

What is the general function of eosinphils?

A

mediate reactions to allergies, inflammation and especially parasitic infections

44
Q

What will result in the migration of eosinophils to the site of reaction?

A

binding of histamine, leukotriens, and eosinophil chemotactic factor (from mast cells, basophils, and neutrophils) to the eosinophil plasma membrane receptors

45
Q

How do eosinophils kill worms?

A

They have major basic proteins and eosinophil cationic proteins to bore holes in the pellicles of worms, allowing ROS to enter the parasite and kill it

46
Q

When will the differential count of eosinophils increase?

A

allergies like hay fever, asthma, parasite infections

47
Q

How do eosinophils act as a sort of break to regulate local inflammatory response?

A

they will degrade chemical mediators like leukotrienes and histamine released by mast cells and basophils

48
Q

What characterizes basophils? What percentage of the differential?

A

An irregular nucleus that doesn’t appear lobated. Only 0.5% of the differential.

49
Q

What do the specific granules contain in basophils?

A

heparin, histamine, eosinophil chemotactic factor, neutrophil chemotactic factor, and peroxidase

50
Q

What is the general function of basophils?

A

mediating allergy and inflammatory reactions (similar to mast cells) - will bind antigens and release histamine and leukotrienes

51
Q

When will basophils increase in the differential?

A
  • along with other leukocytes in leukemia

- chicken pox, smallpox, sinus inflammation

52
Q

What antibody type will basophils bind to the Fc portion of?

A

IgE

53
Q

What happens when antigens bind the IgE on the basophil surface?

A

it triggers basophils to release the specific granule contents into the extracellular space

54
Q

Where in the body are lymphocytes produced?

A

lymphatic nodules/nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils and bone marrow

55
Q

What percentage of the differential is made of lymphocytes?

A

20-40%

56
Q

What are the size categories of lymphocytes and what group is most prevalence?

A

small (90%)

large (10%)

57
Q

What do we think the large lymphocytes probably are?

A

probably partially differentiated plasma cell precursors

58
Q

What are the nuclear characteristics of lymphocytes?

A

the nucleus is spherical (or slightly indented on one side)
chromatin is densely packed with a hill and valley pattern
nucleolus present, but not seen because of the clumped chromatin

59
Q

How are the lymphocytes subdivided?

A

It’s based on function, NOT on morphological features.

60
Q

What percentage of circulating lymphocytes are B-cells?

A

15%

61
Q

Where in the body are B cells made?

A

in the bone marrow

62
Q

What are the two groups of cells B-lymphocytes will differentiate to?

A

plasma cells and memory cells

63
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

they produce antigen-specific circulating immunoglobulins

64
Q

What do memory cells do?

A

they stay in the lymphatic tissue and wait to be stimulated by re-exposure to an antigen

65
Q

What percentage of lymphocytes are T-cells?

A

80-90%

66
Q

Where are T-lymphocytes made?

A

they originate from the yok sac embrologically and then seed the thymus via liver and bone marrow, where they multiply and differentiate

67
Q

What happens to the T lymphocytes in the thymus?

A

they develop an individual antigenic specificity

68
Q

What is required for T-lymphocyte activation?

A
  1. the appropriate antigen

2. macrophages must process the antigen for presentation

69
Q

What are the 3 subsets of T cells?

A

cytotoxic T cells
T helper cells
T suppressor cells

70
Q

What are the null cells?

A

the lymphocytes that aren’t B or T cells - the natural killer cells are an example

71
Q

What percentage of the differential are monocytes?

A

2-8%

72
Q

What characterizes a monocyte?

A
  • their relatively large size
  • nucleus is eccentrically placed - may be oval, kidney, or horseshoe shaped
  • chromatin less condensed than in lymphocyte, so nucleus is lighter staining
73
Q

What are the functions of monocytes?

A

they diapedese and develop in the blood stream where they become known as macrophages - phagocytes

74
Q

What are monocytes called in the CNS? in the liver? in the lungs?

A 
CNS = microglia
liver = kupffer cells
lungs = alveolar macrophages
75
Q

What are chylomicrons?

A

they are fat combined with plasma proteins

76
Q

What is hemoconia?

A

it’s basically junk - consists of broken down RBCs, endothelial cells and ingested material not filtered out in the spleen

77
Q

What’s the chief element of lymph?

A

lymphocytes (and few granulocytes) plus plasma

IHO Week 1 (11 decks)

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