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bio test 1 > CIRC: please let this test be easier > Flashcards

CIRC: please let this test be easier Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

arteries

A
  • carry blood away from heart
  • usually carry blood that’s high in O2 concentration and pressure
  • exception: pulmonary & umbilical arteries in fetus carry deoxygenated blood
  • have a pulse
  • 3 layers are: inner = smooth endothelial. middle = thick elastic and muscular. outer layer = connective tissue
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2
Q

arterioles and venules

A
  • arterioles: small arteries just visible to the naked eye

- venules: small veins which drain blood away from the capillaries

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3
Q

veins

A
  • carry blood to the heart
  • 3 layers are: inner, which has endothelial cells. thin middle layer (not as elastic as arteries). outer connective tissue layer
  • have one way valves (pocket valves) to ensure return of blood to heart
  • no pulse
  • usually carry blood in low oxygen concentration (exception: pulmonary + umbilical vein) and that has low pressure
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4
Q

blood vessels are controlled by ___

A
  • nerves
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5
Q

arteries/arterioles get vas-constricted/vaso-dilated to___

A
  • regulate amount of blood flow through them and to increase/decrease BP
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6
Q

vaso-constriction

A
  • vaso for blood vessel and constriction for narrowing
  • helps prevent heat loss like white fingers/toes
  • shunts blood away from area of body. ex/ reduces blood flow to gut and kidney so that blood that flows to skeletal muscles can be increased during exercise
  • helps ensure that blood flow to brain and heart is not affected
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7
Q

vaso-dilation

A
  • dilation is for widening of blood vessels

- opens up blood vessels. ex/ in skin to regulate body temp. in skeletal muscles during exercise like redness in face.

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8
Q

capillaries

A
  • thin walled (1 cell thick). made of endothelial cells
  • where exchange of nutrients, gases and waste takes place
  • arterioles branch into networks of capillaries called capillary beds. at the junction of the arterioles and capillary beds are special sphincter muscles called “arteriovenous shunts” which can contract to shut off blood flowing into capillary bed. this can happen as a result of shock or trauma or due to cold temps
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9
Q

capillary-bed exchange: at arterial end

A
  • BP is greater than osmotic pressure - water is forced into extracellular fluid/tissue fluid and then into tissues
  • oxygen and other nutrients diffuse into tissues
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10
Q

capillary-bed exchange: at venous end

A
  • because BP drops in capillaries (larger surface area), osmotic pressure is greater than blood pressure (plasma proteins in blood help make blood hypertonic compared to surrounding “tissue fluid”
  • wastes like ammonia, urea and CO2 diffuse into blood
  • water also diffuses back into blood
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11
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A
  • almost same amount of fluid that left capillary returns to it at venous end of the capillary bed
  • excess fluid that “leaks out” of capillary needs to be returned to capillary. this is done by lymphatic capillaries which collect excess fluid and return it back to blood capillary
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12
Q

edema

A
  • if excess fluid that needs to be returned into blood capillary is not returned, excess fluids can enter cells and cause swelling which is called this
  • edema is localized swelling caused by accumulation of tissue fluid that has not been collected by lymphatic system. this can happen if too much fluid is made and/or if not enough is drained away. can lead to tissue damage and eventually death if not treated
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13
Q

5 types of blood vessels

A
  • arteries
  • arterioles
  • veins
  • venules
  • capillaries
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14
Q

blood velocity and BP

A
  • velocity of blood varies in dif parts of system and is related to total cross-sectional area of various vessels
  • velocity of blood decreases= BP decreases. due to increased cross sectional area, which becomes greatest in capillaries. blood moves much slower in capillaries then in aorta
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15
Q

wavy pattern on graph is due to ___

A
  • systole and diastole of heart ventricles causing artery and arteriole walls to expand and spring back to their original diameter (pulse)
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16
Q

BP and blood velocity in arteries, capillaries, veins

A 
BP:
- highest in arteries
- low in capillaries
- lowest in veins
blood velocity: 
- highest in arteries
- lowest in capillaries
- medium in veins
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17
Q

total overall blood volume and total cross body sectional area in arteries, capillaries, veins

A 
blood volume:
- low in capillaries
- lowest in arteries
- highest in veins
cross body sectional area:
- highest in capillaries
- low in veins
- lowest in arteries
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18
Q

percent of blood volume in arteries, capillaries and veins in systemic circulation

A
  • most of blood, 65%, is found in veins, so they’re referred to “reservoirs of blood”
  • 30 % blood found in arteries, 5 % in capillaries
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19
Q

connection of water content and BP

A
  • increased blood volume = increased BP. lower blood volume = lower BP
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20
Q

1: if a person gets dehydrated, what happens to BP?
2: what happens when more water is in blood?

A
  • 1: it drops man

- 2: thinner blood and lower BP

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21
Q

BP and osmotic pressure (OP) at arterial side of capillary bed. what do these numbers mean?

A
  • BP: approximately 40 mm Hg
  • OP: 25 mm Hg
  • since BP is greater than OP at arterial side of capillary bed, water is forced out of blood and into tissues
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22
Q

BP and OP at venule side of capillary bed. what do these numbers mean?

A
  • BP: 15 mm Hg
  • OP: 25 mm Hg
  • since OP is greater than BP at venule side of capillary bed, water diffuses back into blood
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23
Q

oxygenated blood

A
  • rich in oxygen, poor in CO2
  • mainly carried as HbO2 (oxyhemoglobin)
  • oxygen is breathed in through lungs. Hb in RBC picks up oxygen in lungs and binds w/it to make HbO2
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24
Q

deoxygenated blood

A
  • rich in CO2, poor in oxygen

- carried in bicarbonate ion, carbaminohemoglobin, and in water as CO2

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25
Q

bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

A
  • about 70% of CO2 in blood exists as this
  • CO2 that cells produce as waste diffuses into RBC. in RBC, it combines with H2O to produce H2CO3 (carbonic acid). this is catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic hydrase. carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion. both enter blood plasma
  • CO2 + H2O => H2CO3 => HCO3- + H+
  • at lung capillaries, HCO3- reacts with H+ and CO2 is released: HCO3- + H+ => CO2 + H2O
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26
Q

carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)

A
  • about 23% of CO2 in blood exists as this
  • red blood pigment in hemoglobin, Hb, combines with some CO2 to form HbCO2
  • Hb + CO2 => HbCO2
  • at lungs, CO2 is released
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27
Q

CO2 (aq) aka carbon dioxide dissolved in water

A
  • about 7% of CO2 in blood exists as this
  • also rich in HHb (reduced hemoglobin). Excess H+ combines w/Hb to form HHb
  • Hb + H+ => HHb
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28
Q

comparison of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

A
  • OXYGENATED BLOOD: high in HbO2 and dissolved O2. low in HCO3-, HbCO2, and HHb
  • DEOXYGENATED BLOOD: low in HbO2. High in dissolved O2, HCO3-, HbCO2 and HHb
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29
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A
  • red blood cell protein, hemoglobin, has ability to combine with O2 in lungs to form oxyhemoglobin which attaches to heme or iron portion of hemoglobin
  • Hb + O2 => HbO2
  • oxygen is transported to blood in dis form
  • at lungs, HbO2 releases oxygen
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30
Q

reduced hemoglobin

A
  • excess H+ is removed in blood by Hb to maintain correct pH. If H+ is needed, HHb releases H+. thus, Hb acts as a blood buffer
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31
Q

adult blood circulation

A
  • divided into pulmonary circulation (circuit) which circulates blood through lungs and systemic circulation (circuit) which circulates blood around rest of body including brain
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32
Q

pulmonary circulation

A
  • circulation of blood between heart and lungs
  • pulmonary arteries take deoxygenated blood to lungs where it picks up oxygen, and pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to left side of heart. this blood is then pumped into aorta to supply rest of body through systemic circulation
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33
Q

path blood takes in pulmonary circulation

A
  • right atrium => right ventricle => pulmonary trunk => right and left pulmonary arteries => pulmonary arterioles => pulmonary capillaries => pulmonary venules => pulmonary veins => left atrium
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34
Q

1: do pulmonary arteries/arterioles carry oxygen rich blood?
2: do pulmonary veins/venules carry oxygen poor blood?

A
  • 1: nahh man. they carry deoxygenated blood

- 2: heck nah. they carry oxygenated blood

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35
Q

systemic circulation

A
  • circulation of blood between heart and body (not lungs)
  • systemic arteries carry oxygenated blood, systemic veins carry deoxygenated blood
  • largest artery of systemic circulation is aorta and largest veins of systemic circulation are superior (anterior) and inferior (posterior) vena cavae (singular: vena cava)
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36
Q

path blood takes in systemic circulation

A
  • left ventricle => aorta => systemic arteries => arterioles => capillaries => venules => systemic veins => vena cava => right atrium of heart
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37
Q

coronary circulation

A
  • heart is not nourished by blood in its own chambers; coronary arteries are found on external surface of heart to nourish heart muscle
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38
Q

do all artery names match the vein names?

A
  • nah. look at the carotid artery and jugular vein
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39
Q

subclavian vein/left subclavian vein

A
  • fats are digested into fatty acid and glycerol which are not absorbed into blood right away. after undergoing modifications, they enter lacteals of villi in small intestine and are carried in lymph vessels. these lymph vessels are adjunct to (run side by side to) left subclavian vein where digested fats become part of blood/cardiovascular system
40
Q

lymphatic system structure

A
  • lymphatic veins have valves to ensure 1 way flow of lymph
  • lymphatic veins (right and left) drain into subclavian veins
  • lymphatic capillaries also exist yo
  • there are many lymph nodes in armpits/groins
41
Q

major functions of lymphatic system

A
  • lymphatic capillaries + veins drain fluids from tissue to help prevent edema (swelling)
  • lymph nodes hold WBCs, therefore, filter bacteria and viruses from lymph. also cleanse blood by removing debris
  • lacteals absorb fatty acids and glycerol
42
Q

do cells lining villus contain many mitochondria and bacteria?

A
  • yeehaw bing bong (aka yes)
43
Q

the thoracic duct empties into the __

A
  • subclavian vein
44
Q

myocardium

A
  • major portion of heart which consists largely of cardiac muscle
45
Q

chambers of heart

A
  • 4 chambers: 2 upper thin walled atria. 2 lower thick walled ventricles
46
Q

valves in heart

A
  • prevent back flow of blood
  • valves that lie between the atria and ventricles are called atrioventricular valves (AV valves)
  • valves at base of aorta and pulmonary trunk are semilunar valves
47
Q

chordae tendineae

A
  • ensure correct operation of AV valves as the heart beats
48
Q

papillary muscles

A
  • cone shaped strong muscles to which chordae tendineae are attached
  • support AV valves and prevent them from inverting when the heart contracts
49
Q

structure of heart

A
  • myocardium, 4 chambers, valves, chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, right and left side
50
Q

right and left side of heart are separated by a ___.

cardiac muscle of heart is supplied w/oxygen by the ___

A
  • septum

- coronary arteries

51
Q

cardiac control system maintains what

A
  • intrinsic heartbeat
52
Q

intrinsic control of heartbeat

A
  • refers to the fact that heart can beat independently w/out any nervous simulation
  • heart is auto rhythmic as it’s capable of stimulating itself to beat at regular intervals
  • the Sino-atrial node and AV node in the wall of the right atrium have special tissues which can control beating of the heart
53
Q

if heart is removed from body and maintained under physiological conditions w/proper nutrients and temp, what will happen?

A
  • it will continue to beat rhythmically for a long time yo
54
Q

Sino-atrial node (SA node)

A
  • “pacemaker” - it starts and maintains pace of contraction of the right atrium causing a wave of contraction to pass through all atrial tissue. both atria contract
55
Q

atrio-ventricular node (AV node)

A
  • wave from SA node reaches here

- immediately passes wave down the septum, separating the 2 ventricles

56
Q

purkinje fibres

A
  • make ventricles contract from bottom upwards
57
Q

what happens to BPM if SA node becomes weak or deficient?

A
  • heart can still beat, but only at 40-60 BPM by AV node

- this can easily be corrected by artificial pacemaker implantation which brings back normal heart rate of 70 BPM

58
Q

cardiac cycle summary

A
  • it’s hella continuous
  • first 2 atria contract together then 2 ventricles contract together
  • heart beats about 70 times/min, each beat lasts around 0.85 secs
59
Q

stage 1 of cardiac cycle

A
  • arterial systole (contract) and ventricular diastole (relax), takes about 0.15 secs
  • AV valves open. blood flows from atria to ventricles: deoxygenated goes from RA to RV. oxygenated blood from LA to LV. semilunar valves are closed
60
Q

stage 2 of cardiac cycle

A
  • atrial diastole (relax) and ventricle systole (contract), for 0.30 secs
  • AV valves are closed (lub). semilunar valves are open. deoxygenated blood from RV is pumped into lungs. oxygenated blood from LV is pumped into aorta
61
Q

stage 3 of cardiac cycle

A
  • atria and ventricles relax. all 4 heart chambers filling w/blood (0.40 secs)
  • AV valves are open (DUPP). blood from vena cavae enters RA and then RV. blood from pulmonary veins enter LA and then LV. semilunar valves are closed
62
Q

in times of increased activity of emergency situations (like vigorous exercise, stress, fear, anxiety), heart needs to ___ to meet ____demand of blood supply to affected regions such as skin and face

A
  • beat faster

- greater

63
Q

intrinsically, an adult heart can handle up to about ___ BPM itself for shorter times. if it needs to beat faster for longer periods of time, _____ come into play

A
  • 100

- nervous and endocrine systems

64
Q

extrinsic (external) control

A
  • nervous system and hormonal control of heartbeat
65
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • heart rate centre
  • can alter the rate of the heart beat via the autonomic nervous system which has 2 divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic. these act like on and off switches
66
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A
  • fight or flight system

- comes into effect in emergency response situations

67
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • rest and digest system

- for normal situations

68
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A
  • produced by adrenal medulla
  • rapidly bring about all body changes that occur when individual reacts to emergency situation in fight/flight manner
  • provide short-term response to stress while increasing the heart rate and force of heart contraction
  • effects include breaking glycogen into glucose to increase blood glucose, increasing BP, increasing breathing rate, increasing metabolic rate and changing blood flow patterns which leads to increased alertness + decreased digestive, excretory and reproductive system activity
69
Q

can sounds be heard as heart valves close? how would they be described as?

A
  • yuh. lub-DUPP lub-DUPP lub-DUPP…

- lub is from closing of AV valves and DUPP is from closing of semilunar valves

70
Q

heart murmurs are due to ___

A
  • damage of the valves which results in blood not flowing as it should
71
Q

pulse

A
  • normal pulse rate is about 70 per min. due to expanding and recoiling of arterial wall. people who exercise regularly have much lower heart rate; 30-40 BPM
72
Q

effects of long-term exercise

A
  • hypertrophy of the heart; heart muscle increases in size and pumping ability
  • increased elasticity of blood vessels
  • increased RBC count and Hb concentration; increases ability to transport oxygen and CO2
73
Q

blood pressure

A
  • normal BP: 120/80
  • 120 mm Hg = systolic BP. this refers to pressure in artery when the left ventricle of the heart contracts
  • 80 mm Hg = diastolic BP. this refers to pressure in artery when heart is relaxed, which is created by the elastic recoil of arteries. so, diastolic BP helps measure blood vessel elasticity
74
Q

hypertension

A
  • high BP (like 160/95)
    factors that cause it:
  • stress: vasoconstriction of blood vessels
  • heredity: inherit factors for high BP
  • smoking: nicotine causes vasoconstriction
  • diabetes: metabolism of fats leads to atherosclerosis
  • diet: salt leads to hypertonic blood and saturated fat & cholesterol lead to atherosclerosis
75
Q

hypotension

A 
- low BP (like 100/60)
factors that cause it:
- dehydration: low blood volume
- shock: massive vasodilation (arterial dilation)
- major bleeding: loss of blood volume
76
Q

atherosclerosis

A
  • formation of plaque in arteries due to accumulation of soft fatty materials such as cholesterol (the bad kind)
  • plaque interferes with blood flow
  • blood vessels lose their elasticity and become hardened with calcium deposits. commonly known as hardening of arteries
77
Q

systolic pressure is measured at the___

A

end of a ventricular contraction

78
Q

hemoglobin of fetus and mother

A
  • Hb in fetal blood is more concentrated than in mother’s blood
  • capacity of how much oxygen Hb can carry is higher in fetus’s Hb than in mother’s
  • fetus and mother’s blood vessels in placenta mostly don’t come into contact w/each other. transfer of oxygen + nutrients from mother’s blood to fetus’s blood is by diffusion. CO2 and waste from fetus also enter placenta by diffusion
79
Q

umbilical artery and umbilical vein

A
  • umbilical artery: carries blood low in HbO2 to the placenta and removes wastes
  • umbilical vein: carries blood high in HbO2 from the placenta and it brings nutrients
80
Q

placenta and venous duct

A
  • placenta: exchanges waste for nutrients with the mother’s blood
  • venous duct: joins umbilical vein to vena cava
81
Q

3 types of blood circulation in fetus

A
  • main blood circulation
  • circulation through arterial duct to bypass lungs
  • circulation to nourish lung tissues
82
Q

main blood circulation in fetus

A
  • lungs in fetus aren’t functional because they lack layer of lipoproteins which prevents alveoli in lungs from collapsing. so, if normal amount of blood enters fetal lungs, they’ll get damaged and collapse. to avoid passage of blood into fetal lungs, fetal heart has an oval shaped opening between right and left atria called oval opening/ foramen ovale
  • blood returning to heart from body through posterior vena cavae enters RA. instead of going from RA to RV, it goes to LA through oval opening
83
Q

circulation through arterial duct to bypass lungs in fetus

A
  • almost all fetal blood passes from RA to LA, but a trickle of blood enters RV/pulmonary trunk. if that blood continues into lungs, lungs, being nonfunctional, can’t handle it. trickle of blood must be shunted!
  • in fetal circulatory system, pulmonary trunk’s joined through fetal structure called arterial duct/ductus arteriosus which shunts blood away from pulmonary trunk/ pulmonary arteries into aorta
84
Q

circulation to nourish lung tissue in fetus

A
  • cells/tissues in fetal lungs still need oxygen + nutrients. to nourish lung tissue, adult-like circulation is maintained which supplies only as much blood as needed
85
Q

major components of human blood

A
  • plasma = 55% of blood volume. consists of a variety of substances dissolved in water
  • formed elements = 45%. consists of RBCs, WBCs + blood platelets. all made in red bone marrow from stem cells
86
Q

water in plasma

A
  • maintains blood volume + BP. transports nutrients + waste. water is good solvent, so nutrients + wastes dissolve in it easily
  • absorbed into blood from colon
87
Q

plasma proteins in plasma (dOy)

A
  • these are blood clotting. also are antibodies to fight infection. also are hormones. all proteins help maintain osmotic pressure
  • produced by liver, WBCs called lymphocytes + endocrine glands
88
Q

nutrients in plasma

A
  • include glucose, amino acids, vitamins + minerals. also salts to help maintain osmotic pressure
  • absorbed into blood through villi of SI
89
Q

wastes in plasma

A
  • includes CO2, the end product of metabolism (dissolved in plasma). also NH3. also urea (NH3 + CO2)
  • made from internal respiration at tissues. also from deamination of amino acids. also produced in liver
90
Q

RBCs

A
  • shape helps them squeeze through small capillaries and helps to enable efficient gas exchange
  • small biconcave disc shape w/o nuclei. contains Hb made in red bone marrow. live about 120 days, destroyed in liver and spleen
  • carry HbO2 and small amounts of HbCO2
  • hemoglobin is found in RBCs. acts as buffer by removing H+ ions from blood (HHb)
91
Q

platelets

A
  • fragments of cells
  • needed for blood clotting: they form temporary plugs to stop bleeding. they work with blood clotting proteins (fibrin) to clot blood. fibrin makes mesh net over injury. formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) are caught in net. this forms more permanent plug and allows cells nearby to undergo cell division. new cells then replace damaged tissue
  • produced in bone marrow
92
Q

WBCs

A
  • fight infection in body
  • produced in bone marrow and lymphocytes. reproduce in lymph nodes
  • can be found in lymphatic system, in blood and capillary tissues to perform their own immune system functions
93
Q

chamber with thickest muscular wall

contraction of cardiac muscle is initiated in the ___

A
  • left ventricle

- sinoatrial node

94
Q

sequence of structures through which impulses passes to cause contraction of heart:
an injury blocking function of purkinje fibres would prevent ___

A
  • SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibres

- ventricle systole

95
Q

major blood vessels from head to toe

A

1) head to arms: jugular vein and carotid artery. 2) subclavian vein + artery. 3) pulmonary arteries, veins + aorta. 4) hepatic vein, hepatic portal vein and mesenteric artery (liver + intestine). 5) renal vein and artery (kidney). 6) iliac vein + artery (kidneys to legs and trunk)

96
Q

coronary artery circulation path

A
  • aorta => right coronary artery => left anterior descending coronary artery => circumflex coronary artery => left main coronary artery

bio test 1 (5 decks)

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