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2024 Circulatory > Circ Final > Flashcards

Circ Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the vessel walls from outer to inner?

A

Tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima

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2
Q

In which type of flow is the average flow speed 1/2 the maximum velocity?

A

Parabolic

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3
Q

Which vessels consist of thin endothelial tubes with a basement membrane?

A

Capillaries

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4
Q

Which vessels are very dispensable and contain paired folds of tunica intima within their lumen?

A

Veins

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5
Q

What is the blood supply to the vessel wall?

A

The vaso vasorum

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6
Q

Is there a difference in flow volume and flow velocity?

A

Yes.
(Volume is how much &
Velocity is how fast / how much at once)

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7
Q

True or false:
Pulse wave Doppler indicates direction of flow and color Doppler does not

A

False

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8
Q

Where is the slowest flow in the circulatory system found?

A

Capillaries

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9
Q

What layer is composed of a circular arrangement of smooth muscle fibers!

A

Tunica media

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10
Q

Gamma globulins are found in (blank)

A

Plasma

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11
Q

Which factor has the largest repercussions when it comes to resistance to flow?

A

Vessel radius

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12
Q

Which type of blood cells are responsible for the transport of respiratory gases?

A

Erythrocytes

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13
Q

What three things play a roll in venous return to the heart?

A

Valves within veins
Respiration
Gravity

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14
Q

How many liters of blood is circulating throughout the body?

A

5 liters

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15
Q

Name for the percentage of formed elements in whole blood by volume

A

Hematocrit

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16
Q

What type of flow pattern has a thin envelope, clean spectral window, and only a small amount of flow in diastole?

A

High resistance laminar flow

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17
Q

In diagnostic medical sonography, what is Doppler utilized to measure?

A

Flow

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18
Q

What is the dominant formed element in blood?

A

Erythrocytes

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19
Q

What does the horizontal axis on Doppler spectral analysis represent?

A

Time

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20
Q

What does the vertical axis on Doppler spectral analysis represent?

A

Velocity

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21
Q

What is indicated when a mosaic pattern is displayed by color Doppler?

A

Turbulence

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22
Q

On Doppler spectral analysis, what does the dicrotic notch indicate?

A

Recoil of the arterial wall

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23
Q

Which Doppler method would be the best to find the area of highest velocity quickly?

A

Color flow Doppler

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24
Q

Streamlining of blood flow with higher velocities in the center of the vessel and slower velocities along the walls describes what type of flow?

A

Laminar

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25
Q

If the viscosity on the patients blood increases, what happens to the resistance?

A

There will be a greater resistance to flow (resistance increases)

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26
Q

When blood accelerates in speed approaching a stenosis; what happens to the pressure at that site?

A

Pressure decreases

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27
Q

Pulmonary circulation begins with the (blank) atrium and ends once oxygenated blood has returned to the (blank) atrium.

A

Beings with the right atrium
Ends with the the left atrium

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28
Q

In which type of flow do parallel stream lines still flow in a generally forward direction despite having to alter their path?

A

Disturbed flow

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29
Q

What accounts for the momentary reverse flow seen in the distal arterial circulation?

A

The windkessel effect

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30
Q

What will be the result of exceeding Reynolds’s number?

A

Turbulence

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31
Q

Pulmonary vein carries (blank) blood

A

Oxygenated blood

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32
Q

Where does systemic circulation end?

A

In the right atrium

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33
Q

Who is the Doppler effect named after?

A

Christian Andreas Doppler

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34
Q

What is the basic definition of serum?

A

Plasma after clotting

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35
Q

Venous flow is considered (blank)

A

Phasic

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36
Q

What has to happen for there to be flow in the arterial system?

A

A pressure difference

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37
Q

Which vessels carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary arteries

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38
Q

Where does lymph enter back into the bloodstream?

A

Brachiocephalic veins

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39
Q

What is plasma primarily composed of?

A

Water

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40
Q

When Reynolds’s number exceeds (blank)-(blank), flow becomes turbulent.

A

2000-2500

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41
Q

Within a vessel, where is the fastest blood flow found?

A

In the middle

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42
Q

What is the biggest factor when dealing with resistance?

A

Tube radius

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43
Q

What are the specialized lymphatic vessels located in the gastrointestinal tract called?

A

Lacteals

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44
Q

Where are lymph nodes found?

A

Below the inguinal canal

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45
Q

What three things are associated with the lymphatic system?

A

Thymus
Spleen
Bone marrow

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46
Q

What does the systemic circulation transport blood from and to?

A

Transports blood from the heart
to all parts of the body except the lungs

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47
Q

When using color Doppler; faster flow is represented by a color that is (blank) saturated

A

Less saturated

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48
Q

Between men and women; which has the slightly higher hematocrit?

A

Men

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49
Q

What does the letter Q represent sonographically?

A

Flow volume

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50
Q

Describe the three functions of the lymphatic system:

A
  1. Collect and transport excess fluids from interstitial spaces back into the bloodstream
  2. Absorbs fat from small intestines and brings it to the liver
  3. Produces cells that fight off and get rid of foreign material
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51
Q

Hemodynamics comes from the Greek words meaning:

A

Blood and Power

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52
Q

What is the triad which travels throughout the liver formed by?

A

Portal vein
Bike duct
Hepatic artery

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53
Q

What is the characteristic sonographic sign of celiac axis?

A

“T” sign in transverse

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54
Q

Blood flows from the inferior mesenteric vein into what vessel/structure?

A

Splenic vein

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55
Q

How many pairs of lumbar arteries are there?

A

Four

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56
Q

What arteries / main branches supplies blood to the stomach? (4)

A

Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery
Gastroduodenal artery

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57
Q

The renal veins enter into the IVC (blank) and can be seen sonographically when in (blank)

A

Enter the IVC laterally
Can be see in transverse

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58
Q

The Gastroduodenal artery is a branch off of what vessel?

A

Common hepatic artery

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59
Q

What is the most inferior vessel entering the ivc from an anterior approach?

A

Hepatic veins

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60
Q

Which vessel is responsible for bringing blood to the spleen?

A

Splenic artery

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61
Q

The inferior mesenteric artery branches off of the aorta just after the (blank) arteries and before the (blank) arteries

A

just after the gonadal arteries and before the common iliac arteries

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62
Q

Which vessel brings blood to the kidneys?

A

Renal arteries

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63
Q

What are the four sections of the inferior vena cava?

A

Hepatic
Pre renal
Renal
Post renal

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64
Q

What section of the ivc does the gonadal veins enter into it?

A

Post renal section

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65
Q

At what level does the abdominal aorta usually terminate?

A

The level of the 4th lumbar vertebra

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66
Q

The right renal artery courses (blank) to the IVC

A

Posterior

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67
Q

The superior mesenteric artery is the (blank) anterior branch of the abdominal aorta

A

Second branch

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68
Q

The right renal vein is (blank) compared to the left renal vein

A

RRV is shorter than the LRV

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69
Q

The bifurcation of the aorta into the left and right common iliac arteries is (blank) to the Union of the common iliac veins forming the inferior vena cava

A

Superior

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70
Q

Which vessel is known to be a branch in the “seagull sign” image but is not always visualized?

A

Left gastric artery

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71
Q

What three vessels supply blood to the pancreas?

A

Gastroduodenal artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Splenic artery

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72
Q

What vein flows into the IVC directly?

A

Left renal vein

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73
Q

Blood from which organs are routed through the liver before returning to the heart?

A

Stomach
Spleen
Pancreas
Large intestine

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74
Q

The image with the left renal veins anterior to the aorta and posterior to the superior mesenteric arteries is referred to as the…

A

Nutcracker image

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75
Q

Blood from the portal system enters the (blank) by way of the (blank)

A

Enters the inferior vena cava by way of the hepatic veins

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76
Q

In formal flow, blood in the right hepatic vein flows directly into the (blank)

A

Inferior vena cava

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77
Q

In normal flow, blood from the superior mesenteric artery comes directly from which vessel?

A

Aorta

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78
Q

In normal flow, blood in the proper hepatic artery comes directly from which vessel?

A

Common hepatic artery

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79
Q

What do the phrenic arteries feed?

A

The diaphragm

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80
Q

The (blank) common iliac artery is longer than the (blank) common iliac artery

A

Right common iliac artery is longer than the Left common iliac artery

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81
Q

Trace a drop of blood from the spleen to the right atrium with 5 steps in between

A

Spleen
Splenic vein
Main portal vein
Liver
Hepatic vein
Inferior vena cava
Right atrium

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82
Q

What vessel helps drain blood from the posterior abdominal wall and can act as a temporary collateral pathway if the IVC is compromised?

A

Azygous vein

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83
Q

Flow within the portal system (blank) after a meal

A

Increases

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84
Q

The cystic artery is a branch off of which vessel?

A

Right hepatic artery

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85
Q

What vein in the lower extremities does not have a corresponding artery that runs adjacent to it?

A

Lesser saphenous vein

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86
Q

What vessel drains blood from the large intestines?

A

Inferior mesenteric vein

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87
Q

Which section of the ivc is nearest to the proximal portion?

A

Postrenal

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88
Q

Which vessel is anterior to the aorta but posterior to the superior mesenteric artery?

A

Left renal vein

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89
Q

Which vessel originates posterior to the neck of the pancreas?

A

Main portal vein

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90
Q

Which two vessels does the left portal vein branch into?

A

Medial left portal vein and lateral left portal vein

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91
Q

Between the aorta and IVC; which courses a longer portion of the abdomen?

A

The IVC

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92
Q

Which two structures can be seen at the head of the pancreas when in transverse?

A

Gastroduodenal artery and common bile duct

93
Q

Trace a drop of blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the right kidney and back to the right atrium with five steps in between

A

Left ventricle
Aorta
Right renal artery
Right kidney
Right renal vein
Inferior vena cava
Right atrium

94
Q

The (blank) veins of the lower extremity are the major pathway for the return of blood to the heart

A

Deep veins

95
Q

What is another name for the Innominate artery?

A

Right brachiocephalic artery

96
Q

The axillary vein starts at the Union of the brachial vein and the (blank) vein

A

Basilic

97
Q

Which side(s) are brachiocephalic vein(s) found?

A

Right and left

98
Q

Which side(s) are brachiocephalic artery(s) found?

A

Only on the right

99
Q

What is the third branch off of the aortic arch?

A

Left subclavian artery

100
Q

Second branch off aortic arch

A

Left common carotid artery

101
Q

What is the first branch off of the aortic arch?

A

Right brachiocephalic artery

102
Q

Lower extremity perforator veins bring blood from the (blank) system to the (blank) system

A

LE perforator define bring blood from the superficial system to the deep system

103
Q

Which vessel serves as a connection between the basilic and cephalic veins at the antecubital fossa?

A

Median cubical vein

104
Q

What type of veins are paired?

A

Deep veins

105
Q

The common femoral vein begins at the termination of:

A

The Profunda femoris vein

106
Q

What vessel forms the dorsalis pedis artery?

A

Anterior tibial artery

107
Q

What is the longest vein in the body?

A

Greater saphenous vein

108
Q

Which vessel courses medially towards the pinky?

A

Ulnar artery

109
Q

A pulse detected at the lateral aspect of a wrist is most likely from which vessel?

A

Radial artery

110
Q

Where will you find two perineal veins to one perineal artery and in which type of extremity

A

2 perineal veins to 1 perineal artery in the calf of the lower extremity

111
Q

What does the axillary artery turn into?

A

The brachial artery

112
Q

What artery terminates at the lateral margin of the first rib and gives off the axillary artery?

A

The subclavian artery

113
Q

Fill in the blank for trace the blood:

External iliac artery
Common iliac artery
Common femoral artery
(Blank)
Popliteal artery

A

Superficial femoral artery

114
Q

Which vessel terminated posterior to the medial malleolus?

A

Posterior tibial artery

115
Q

Put the four lower extremity perforator veins in order with 1 being closest to the groin and 4 being closest to the foot:

A
  1. Hunterian (high in the thigh)
  2. Dodd (Dodd s distal thigh)
  3. Boyd (knee)
  4. Cockett (Cocketts calf)
116
Q

Which vessels make up the outflow portion of the lower extremity arterial system?

A

Femoropopliteal

117
Q

what does the tibioperoneal trunk artery bifurcate into?

A

Posterior tibial artery and perineal artery

118
Q

What vessel does the lesser saphenous vein terminate at?

A

The popliteal vein

119
Q

List two other names for the lesser saphenous vein

A

Small saphenous vein
Short saphenous vein

(Stocking seam vein)

120
Q

What is the perineal artery also known as?

A

Fibular artery

121
Q

Trace a drop of blood from the left ulnar vein and end at the liver. (20 steps in between)

A

Left ulnar vein

Brachial bein
Axillary vein
Subclavian vein
Brachiocephalic vein
Superior vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Descending aorta
Thoracic aorta
Abdominal aorta
Celiac axis
Common hepatic artery
Proper hepatic artery
Liver

122
Q

What two vessels does the left common iliac artery branch into?

A

Left external and left internal iliac arteries

123
Q

Which veins in the arm are paired?

A

Radial, ulnar, and brachial

124
Q

What system is the greater saphenous vein a part of?

A

Superficial system

125
Q

What system is the anterior tibial vein a part of?

A

The deep system

126
Q

What two veins form the brachial vein?

A

Radial and ulnar

127
Q

If you detect arterial blood flow in the medial aspect of the wrist, you are most likely interrogating what vessel?

A

Ulnar artery

128
Q

The stocking seam vein is part of which system?

A

Superficial

129
Q

The superficial femoral vein changes it’s name at its terminal end at which landmark?

A

The termination of the profunda femoris vein

130
Q

Trace a drop of blood from the right popliteal vein to the right atrium with five steps in between

A

Right popliteal vein

Right superficial femoral vein
Right common femoral vein
Right external iliac vein
Right common iliac vein
Inferior vena cava

Right atrium

131
Q

What does the greater saphenous vein terminate into?

A

Common femoral vein

132
Q

Trace a drop of blood from the left ventricle to the right radial artery with four steps in between

A

Left ventricle

Right brachiocephalic artery
Right subclavian artery
Right axillary artery
Right brachial artery

Right radial artery

133
Q

The Union of the axillary vein and (blank) vein form the subclavian

A

Cephalic

134
Q

How is flow in the axillary vein affected by a deep inspiration?

A

Flow is increased

135
Q

What vessel forms the superficial palmar arch?

A

Ulnar artery

136
Q

You are evaluating a paired vessel near the ankle (at medial malleolus). What vessel are you most likely evaluating?

A

Posterior tibial vein

137
Q

What does the right brachiocephalic vein return blood to?

A

Superior vena cava

138
Q

How is flow in the superficial femoral artery affected by exercise?

A

Flow is increased

139
Q

What does the popliteal artery flow into after the first branch comes off?

A

Tibioperoneal trunk artery

140
Q

Which group of perforators helps return venous boood to the deep system at the level of the distal thigh?

A

Dodds

141
Q

What vessel is used in cardiac bypass procedures due to its close proximity to the heart?

A

Internal mammary artery

142
Q

Trace a drop of blood starting at the left gonad and ending in the lung with six steps in between

A

Left gonad

Left gonadal vein
Left renal vein
Ivc
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery

Lung

143
Q

In the cranium, what do the superior petrosal sinuses empty into?

A

Sigmoid sinus

144
Q

What best describes the terminal end of the internal carotid artery?

A

At the bifurcation into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries

145
Q

The anterior communicating artery allows blood to flow between:

A

One anterior cerebral artery and the other

146
Q

The brain, eye, and pituitary receive their blood supply from the (blank) artery

A

Internal carotid

147
Q

The inferior Sagittal sinus becomes the (blank) after (blank)

A

Inferior Sagittal sinus becomes the straight sinus after Union with great vein of Galen

148
Q

Which upper extremity vein is a common site for venipunctures?

A

Medial cubital vein

149
Q

List all the communicating arteries in the circle of Willis:

A

Posterior communicating artery
Anterior communicating artery

(Note: no middle communicating)

150
Q

The posterior communicating artery allows blood to flow between:

A

The anterior and vertebrobasilar circulation pathways

151
Q

What is a primary route for blood to leave the confluence of sinuses?

A

Transverse sinuses

152
Q

Circle of willie lies at…

A

The base of the cerebral hemispheres

153
Q

What is a source of collateral circulation of the brain?

A

Circle of Willis

154
Q

The (blank) and (blank) feed the circle of Willis

A

Internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries

155
Q

The circle of willies lies on a (blank) axis

A

Horizontal

156
Q

True/false

The external jugular vein unites with the internal jugular vein around the level of the clavical

A

False

157
Q

How many lesser saphenous veins are there?

A

One

158
Q

How many peroneal veins are there?

A

Two

159
Q

Flow will (blank) in the upper exterminate veins during a deep inspiration

A

Increased

160
Q

The (blank) is an intracranial branch of the internal carotid artery

A

Ophthalmic artery

161
Q

Which system demonstrates phasic flow?

A

Venous system

162
Q

What is represented by the horizontal axis in Doppler spectral tracing?

A

Time

163
Q

What is represented by the vertical axis in Doppler spectral tracing?

A

Velocity

164
Q

What vessel does the vertebral artery originate from?

A

Subclavian artery

165
Q

What vessel often exhibits a change in their spectral Doppler tracings after eating?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

166
Q

External carotid artery is (blank) resistance on a waveform

A

High resistance

167
Q

Internal carotid artery is (blank) resistance on a waveform

A

Low resistance

168
Q

Which type of resistance will touch or go below the waveform?

A

High resistance

169
Q

Which type of resistance never touches the baseline?

A

Low resistance

170
Q

What is the most important thing to note when evaluating the vertebral artery?

A

Direction of flow

171
Q

List three characteristics of the venous system of the brain?

A

No valves
No muscular tissue
Very thin walls

172
Q

What is the terminal end of the left subclavian vein?

A

When it meets left internal jugular vein and forms the left brachiocephalic vein

173
Q

Blood in this vessel flows laterally & feeds the medial & inferior portions of the occipital & temporal lobes, pons, cerebellum, & internal ear.

A

Posterior cerebral artery

174
Q

Which vessel feeds into the middle cerebral artery?

A

Internal carotid artery

175
Q

What vessel is formed by the vertebral arteries?

A

Basilar artery

176
Q

Which vessel feeds the anterior portion of the spinal cord?

A

Anterior spinal artery

177
Q

Which vessel supplies the medial surfaces of the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

178
Q

If you perform a temporal tap during a spectral Doppler exam of this vessel the waveform will be altered:

A

External carotid artery

179
Q

Which vessel bifurcated around the superior aspect of the thyroid gland?

A

Common carotid artery

180
Q

Which vessel helps the vertebrobasilar portion of the circle of Willis?

A

Vertebral artery

181
Q

If there is a blockage of the proximal left subclavian artery; what kind of flow will you see in the left vertebral artery?

A

Reverse flow

182
Q

Three ways to distinguish internal carotid artery from external carotid artery:

A

ECA has more branches than ICA

ECA is more medial ICA is lateral

ECA high resistance ICA low resistance

183
Q

What originated from the internal carotid artery?

A

Middle cerebral artery

184
Q

What originates from the common carotid artery?

A

Internal carotid artery

185
Q

What artery feeds the eye?

A

Ophthalmic artery

186
Q

What artery runs along the corpus collosum in the interhemispheric fissure?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

187
Q

What artery allows blood to flow between the anterior and posterior portions of the circle of Willis ?

A

Posterior communicating artery

188
Q

What artery feeds the posterior portion of the cerebrum?

A

Posterior cerebral artery

189
Q

What artery feeds the superior portion of the cerebellum?

A

Superior cerebellar artery

190
Q

Which artery originates from the subclavian artery?

A

Vertebral artery

191
Q

What is the first branch off of the external carotid artery?

A

Superior thyroid artery

192
Q

What two vessels join to form the superior vena cava?

A

Right and left brachiocephalic vein

193
Q

True/False

The internal carotid artery is always larger than the external carotid artery.

A

False.

(Note. Trick question; the ICA is usually larger in diameter except for when there is a stenosis)

194
Q

The pontine arteries feed the…

A

Pons

195
Q

What is the acronym that helps identify the internal carotid artery ?

A

LIME

Lateral
Internal
Medial
External

196
Q

What does the anterior tibial vein flow into?

A

Popliteal vein

197
Q

What does the brachial vein flow into?

A

Axillary vein

198
Q

What does the greater saphenous vein flow into?

A

Common femoral vein

199
Q

When there is a stenosis; pressure will (blank) and velocity will (blank)

A

Pressure decreases
Velocity increases

200
Q

Between veins and arteries; which has the biggest recoil effect?

A

Arteries

201
Q

What is the only blood vessel that does not have three layers?

A

Capillaries

202
Q

Arterial segment with “inflow”

A

Aortoiliac

203
Q

Arterial segment with “outflow”

A

Femoropopliteal

204
Q

Arterial segment with “runoff”

A

Tibioperoneal

205
Q

How does the fetus get oxygenated?

A

Via the mother at the placenta through the umbilical vein

206
Q

How does oxygenated blood enter the fetus from the placenta?

A

Via the umbilical vein

207
Q

What are the two venous pathways in which blood enters the liver of the fetus?

A
  1. Ductus venosus
  2. Portal system
208
Q

What is ductus venosus?

A

The remnants of the Ligamentum venosum

209
Q

Ductus venosus In the fetus acts as a collateral pathway for blood to be moved from the (blank) directly to the (blank) which then goes to the (blank),

A

From the umbilical vein

Directly to the ivc

Goes to the right atrium

210
Q

Name the three primary shunts in fetal circulation

A

Ductus venosus (in liver)

Foramen ovale (in heart)

Ductus arteriosus (between PA and AO)

211
Q

What joins the fetus to the placenta?

A

Umbilical arteries

212
Q

What joins the placenta to the fetus?

A

Umbilical vein

213
Q

What vessel is connecting the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava?

A

Ductus venosus

214
Q

What is the opening between the left and right atria called in fetal circulation?

A

Foramen ovale

215
Q

What is the blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery with the aorta that prevents blood from going to the limbs in fetal circulation?

A

Ductus arteriosus

216
Q

What vessel in fetal circulation directs blood entering the right atrium so that most of it flows through the foramen ovale into the left atrium?

A

Eustachian valve

217
Q

What vessel post-natal atrophies to become the lateral umbilical ligaments?

A

Umbilical arteries

218
Q

What vessel post-natal becomes the round ligament of the liver? (Ligamentum teres)

A

Umbilical vein

219
Q

What vessel post-natal becomes the fibrous cord (Ligamentum venosum) embedded in the wall of the liver?

A

Ductus venosus

220
Q

What vessel post-natal closes shortly after birth?

A

Foramen ovale

221
Q

What vessel post-natal closes and atrophied after birth, becoming the Ligamentum arteriosum?

A

Ductus arteriosus

222
Q

What vessel post-natal remains basically unchanged and does not grow as the body does?

A

Eustachian valve

223
Q

What are the two main features that differentiate the anatomy of the fetal heart before and after birth?

A

Foramen ovale & ductus arteriosus

224
Q

What does the mediastinum consist of? (3)

A

Heart
Great vessels
Remains of the thymus

225
Q

Where is the anterior portion of the inferior mediastinum located?

A

In the space between pericardium & sternum

226
Q

How many branches does the external carotid artery have?

A

Eight

227
Q

How many branches does the internal carotid artery have below the base of the skull?

A

None

228
Q

How many branches does the common carotid artery have and what does it bifurcate into?

A

No branches

Bifurcated into internal and external carotid arteries

229
Q

What are the three extracranial veins?

A

Internal jugular

External jugular

Vertebral veins

2024 Circulatory (5 decks)

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