Circ Final Flashcards
(229 cards)
1
Q
What are the layers of the vessel walls from outer to inner?
A
Tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima
2
Q
In which type of flow is the average flow speed 1/2 the maximum velocity?
A
Parabolic
3
Q
Which vessels consist of thin endothelial tubes with a basement membrane?
A
Capillaries
4
Q
Which vessels are very dispensable and contain paired folds of tunica intima within their lumen?
A
Veins
5
Q
What is the blood supply to the vessel wall?
A
The vaso vasorum
6
Q
Is there a difference in flow volume and flow velocity?
A
Yes.
(Volume is how much &
Velocity is how fast / how much at once)
7
Q
True or false:
Pulse wave Doppler indicates direction of flow and color Doppler does not
A
False
8
Q
Where is the slowest flow in the circulatory system found?
A
Capillaries
9
Q
What layer is composed of a circular arrangement of smooth muscle fibers!
A
Tunica media
10
Q
Gamma globulins are found in (blank)
A
Plasma
11
Q
Which factor has the largest repercussions when it comes to resistance to flow?
A
Vessel radius
12
Q
Which type of blood cells are responsible for the transport of respiratory gases?
A
Erythrocytes
13
Q
What three things play a roll in venous return to the heart?
A
Valves within veins
Respiration
Gravity
14
Q
How many liters of blood is circulating throughout the body?
A
5 liters
15
Q
Name for the percentage of formed elements in whole blood by volume
A
Hematocrit
16
Q
What type of flow pattern has a thin envelope, clean spectral window, and only a small amount of flow in diastole?
A
High resistance laminar flow
17
Q
In diagnostic medical sonography, what is Doppler utilized to measure?
A
Flow
18
Q
What is the dominant formed element in blood?
A
Erythrocytes
19
Q
What does the horizontal axis on Doppler spectral analysis represent?
A
Time
20
Q
What does the vertical axis on Doppler spectral analysis represent?
A
Velocity
21
Q
What is indicated when a mosaic pattern is displayed by color Doppler?
A
Turbulence
22
Q
On Doppler spectral analysis, what does the dicrotic notch indicate?
A
Recoil of the arterial wall
23
Q
Which Doppler method would be the best to find the area of highest velocity quickly?
A
Color flow Doppler
24
Q
Streamlining of blood flow with higher velocities in the center of the vessel and slower velocities along the walls describes what type of flow?
A
Laminar
25
If the viscosity on the patients blood increases, what happens to the resistance?
There will be a greater resistance to flow (resistance increases)
26
When blood accelerates in speed approaching a stenosis; what happens to the pressure at that site?
Pressure decreases
27
Pulmonary circulation begins with the (blank) atrium and ends once oxygenated blood has returned to the (blank) atrium.
Beings with the right atrium
Ends with the the left atrium
28
In which type of flow do parallel stream lines still flow in a generally forward direction despite having to alter their path?
Disturbed flow
29
What accounts for the momentary reverse flow seen in the distal arterial circulation?
The windkessel effect
30
What will be the result of exceeding Reynolds’s number?
Turbulence
31
Pulmonary vein carries (blank) blood
Oxygenated blood
32
Where does systemic circulation end?
In the right atrium
33
Who is the Doppler effect named after?
Christian Andreas Doppler
34
What is the basic definition of serum?
Plasma after clotting
35
Venous flow is considered (blank)
Phasic
36
What has to happen for there to be flow in the arterial system?
A pressure difference
37
Which vessels carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
Pulmonary arteries
38
Where does lymph enter back into the bloodstream?
Brachiocephalic veins
39
What is plasma primarily composed of?
Water
40
When Reynolds’s number exceeds (blank)-(blank), flow becomes turbulent.
2000-2500
41
Within a vessel, where is the fastest blood flow found?
In the middle
42
What is the biggest factor when dealing with resistance?
Tube radius
43
What are the specialized lymphatic vessels located in the gastrointestinal tract called?
Lacteals
44
Where are lymph nodes found?
Below the inguinal canal
45
What three things are associated with the lymphatic system?
Thymus
Spleen
Bone marrow
46
What does the systemic circulation transport blood from and to?
Transports blood from the heart
to all parts of the body except the lungs
47
When using color Doppler; faster flow is represented by a color that is (blank) saturated
Less saturated
48
Between men and women; which has the slightly higher hematocrit?
Men
49
What does the letter Q represent sonographically?
Flow volume
50
Describe the three functions of the lymphatic system:
1. Collect and transport excess fluids from interstitial spaces back into the bloodstream
2. Absorbs fat from small intestines and brings it to the liver
3. Produces cells that fight off and get rid of foreign material
51
Hemodynamics comes from the Greek words meaning:
Blood and Power
52
What is the triad which travels throughout the liver formed by?
Portal vein
Bike duct
Hepatic artery
53
What is the characteristic sonographic sign of celiac axis?
“T” sign in transverse
54
Blood flows from the inferior mesenteric vein into what vessel/structure?
Splenic vein
55
How many pairs of lumbar arteries are there?
Four
56
What arteries / main branches supplies blood to the stomach? (4)
Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery
Gastroduodenal artery
57
The renal veins enter into the IVC (blank) and can be seen sonographically when in (blank)
Enter the IVC *laterally*
Can be see in *transverse*
58
The Gastroduodenal artery is a branch off of what vessel?
Common hepatic artery
59
What is the most inferior vessel entering the ivc from an anterior approach?
Hepatic veins
60
Which vessel is responsible for bringing blood to the spleen?
Splenic artery
61
The inferior mesenteric artery branches off of the aorta just after the (blank) arteries and before the (blank) arteries
just after the gonadal arteries and before the common iliac arteries
62
Which vessel brings blood to the kidneys?
Renal arteries
63
What are the four sections of the inferior vena cava?
Hepatic
Pre renal
Renal
Post renal
64
What section of the ivc does the gonadal veins enter into it?
Post renal section
65
At what level does the abdominal aorta usually terminate?
The level of the 4th lumbar vertebra
66
The right renal artery courses (blank) to the IVC
Posterior
67
The superior mesenteric artery is the (blank) anterior branch of the abdominal aorta
Second branch
68
The right renal vein is (blank) compared to the left renal vein
RRV is shorter than the LRV
69
The bifurcation of the aorta into the left and right common iliac arteries is (blank) to the Union of the common iliac veins forming the inferior vena cava
Superior
70
Which vessel is known to be a branch in the “seagull sign” image but is not always visualized?
Left gastric artery
71
What three vessels supply blood to the pancreas?
Gastroduodenal artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Splenic artery
72
What vein flows into the IVC directly?
Left renal vein
73
Blood from which organs are routed through the liver before returning to the heart?
Stomach
Spleen
Pancreas
Large intestine
74
The image with the left renal veins anterior to the aorta and posterior to the superior mesenteric arteries is referred to as the…
Nutcracker image
75
Blood from the portal system enters the (blank) by way of the (blank)
Enters the inferior vena cava by way of the hepatic veins
76
In formal flow, blood in the right hepatic vein flows directly into the (blank)
Inferior vena cava
77
In normal flow, blood from the superior mesenteric artery comes directly from which vessel?
Aorta
78
In normal flow, blood in the proper hepatic artery comes directly from which vessel?
Common hepatic artery
79
What do the phrenic arteries feed?
The diaphragm
80
The (blank) common iliac artery is longer than the (blank) common iliac artery
Right common iliac artery is longer than the Left common iliac artery
81
Trace a drop of blood from the spleen to the right atrium with 5 steps in between
Spleen
Splenic vein
Main portal vein
Liver
Hepatic vein
Inferior vena cava
Right atrium
82
What vessel helps drain blood from the posterior abdominal wall and can act as a temporary collateral pathway if the IVC is compromised?
Azygous vein
83
Flow within the portal system (blank) after a meal
Increases
84
The cystic artery is a branch off of which vessel?
Right hepatic artery
85
What vein in the lower extremities does not have a corresponding artery that runs adjacent to it?
Lesser saphenous vein
86
What vessel drains blood from the large intestines?
Inferior mesenteric vein
87
Which section of the ivc is nearest to the proximal portion?
Postrenal
88
Which vessel is anterior to the aorta but posterior to the superior mesenteric artery?
Left renal vein
89
Which vessel originates posterior to the neck of the pancreas?
Main portal vein
90
Which two vessels does the left portal vein branch into?
Medial left portal vein and lateral left portal vein
91
Between the aorta and IVC; which courses a longer portion of the abdomen?
The IVC
92
Which two structures can be seen at the head of the pancreas when in transverse?
Gastroduodenal artery and common bile duct
93
Trace a drop of blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the right kidney and back to the right atrium with five steps in between
Left ventricle
Aorta
Right renal artery
Right kidney
Right renal vein
Inferior vena cava
Right atrium
94
The (blank) veins of the lower extremity are the major pathway for the return of blood to the heart
Deep veins
95
What is another name for the Innominate artery?
Right brachiocephalic artery
96
The axillary vein starts at the Union of the brachial vein and the (blank) vein
Basilic
97
Which side(s) are brachiocephalic vein(s) found?
Right and left
98
Which side(s) are brachiocephalic artery(s) found?
Only on the right
99
What is the third branch off of the aortic arch?
Left subclavian artery
100
Second branch off aortic arch
Left common carotid artery
101
What is the first branch off of the aortic arch?
Right brachiocephalic artery
102
Lower extremity perforator veins bring blood from the (blank) system to the (blank) system
LE perforator define bring blood from the superficial system to the deep system
103
Which vessel serves as a connection between the basilic and cephalic veins at the antecubital fossa?
Median cubical vein
104
What type of veins are paired?
Deep veins
105
The common femoral vein begins at the termination of:
The Profunda femoris vein
106
What vessel forms the dorsalis pedis artery?
Anterior tibial artery
107
What is the longest vein in the body?
Greater saphenous vein
108
Which vessel courses medially towards the pinky?
Ulnar artery
109
A pulse detected at the lateral aspect of a wrist is most likely from which vessel?
Radial artery
110
Where will you find two perineal veins to one perineal artery and in which type of extremity
2 perineal veins to 1 perineal artery in the calf of the lower extremity
111
What does the axillary artery turn into?
The brachial artery
112
What artery terminates at the lateral margin of the first rib and gives off the axillary artery?
The subclavian artery
113
Fill in the blank for trace the blood:
External iliac artery
Common iliac artery
Common femoral artery
(Blank)
Popliteal artery
Superficial femoral artery
114
Which vessel terminated posterior to the medial malleolus?
Posterior tibial artery
115
Put the four lower extremity perforator veins in order with 1 being closest to the groin and 4 being closest to the foot:
1. Hunterian (high in the thigh)
2. Dodd (Dodd s distal thigh)
3. Boyd (knee)
4. Cockett (Cocketts calf)
116
Which vessels make up the outflow portion of the lower extremity arterial system?
Femoropopliteal
117
what does the tibioperoneal trunk artery bifurcate into?
*Posterior* tibial artery and perineal artery
118
What vessel does the lesser saphenous vein terminate at?
The popliteal vein
119
List two other names for the lesser saphenous vein
Small saphenous vein
Short saphenous vein
(Stocking seam vein)
120
What is the perineal artery also known as?
Fibular artery
121
Trace a drop of blood from the left ulnar vein and end at the liver. (20 steps in between)
Left ulnar vein
Brachial bein
Axillary vein
Subclavian vein
Brachiocephalic vein
Superior vena cava
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Descending aorta
Thoracic aorta
Abdominal aorta
Celiac axis
Common hepatic artery
Proper hepatic artery
Liver
122
What two vessels does the left common iliac artery branch into?
Left external and left internal iliac arteries
123
Which veins in the arm are paired?
Radial, ulnar, and brachial
124
What system is the greater saphenous vein a part of?
Superficial system
125
What system is the anterior tibial vein a part of?
The deep system
126
What two veins form the brachial vein?
Radial and ulnar
127
If you detect arterial blood flow in the medial aspect of the wrist, you are most likely interrogating what vessel?
Ulnar artery
128
The stocking seam vein is part of which system?
Superficial
129
The superficial femoral vein changes it’s name at its terminal end at which landmark?
The termination of the profunda femoris vein
130
Trace a drop of blood from the right popliteal vein to the right atrium with five steps in between
Right popliteal vein
Right superficial femoral vein
Right common femoral vein
Right external iliac vein
Right common iliac vein
Inferior vena cava
Right atrium
131
What does the greater saphenous vein terminate into?
Common femoral vein
132
Trace a drop of blood from the left ventricle to the right radial artery with four steps in between
Left ventricle
Right brachiocephalic artery
Right subclavian artery
Right axillary artery
Right brachial artery
Right radial artery
133
The Union of the axillary vein and (blank) vein form the subclavian
Cephalic
134
How is flow in the axillary vein affected by a deep inspiration?
Flow is increased
135
What vessel forms the superficial palmar arch?
Ulnar artery
136
You are evaluating a paired vessel near the ankle (at medial malleolus). What vessel are you most likely evaluating?
Posterior tibial vein
137
What does the right brachiocephalic vein return blood to?
Superior vena cava
138
How is flow in the superficial femoral artery affected by exercise?
Flow is increased
139
What does the popliteal artery flow into after the first branch comes off?
Tibioperoneal trunk artery
140
Which group of perforators helps return venous boood to the deep system at the level of the distal thigh?
Dodds
141
What vessel is used in cardiac bypass procedures due to its close proximity to the heart?
Internal mammary artery
142
Trace a drop of blood starting at the left gonad and ending in the lung with six steps in between
Left gonad
Left gonadal vein
Left renal vein
Ivc
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary artery
Lung
143
In the cranium, what do the superior petrosal sinuses empty into?
Sigmoid sinus
144
What best describes the terminal end of the internal carotid artery?
At the bifurcation into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries
145
The anterior communicating artery allows blood to flow between:
One anterior cerebral artery and the other
146
The brain, eye, and pituitary receive their blood supply from the (blank) artery
Internal carotid
147
The inferior Sagittal sinus becomes the (blank) after (blank)
Inferior Sagittal sinus becomes the straight sinus after Union with great vein of Galen
148
Which upper extremity vein is a common site for venipunctures?
Medial cubital vein
149
List all the communicating arteries in the circle of Willis:
Posterior communicating artery
Anterior communicating artery
(Note: no middle communicating)
150
The posterior communicating artery allows blood to flow between:
The anterior and vertebrobasilar circulation pathways
151
What is a primary route for blood to leave the confluence of sinuses?
Transverse sinuses
152
Circle of willie lies at…
The base of the cerebral hemispheres
153
What is a source of collateral circulation of the brain?
Circle of Willis
154
The (blank) and (blank) feed the circle of Willis
Internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries
155
The circle of willies lies on a (blank) axis
Horizontal
156
True/false
The external jugular vein unites with the internal jugular vein around the level of the clavical
False
157
How many lesser saphenous veins are there?
One
158
How many peroneal veins are there?
Two
159
Flow will (blank) in the upper exterminate veins during a deep inspiration
Increased
160
The (blank) is an intracranial branch of the internal carotid artery
Ophthalmic artery
161
Which system demonstrates phasic flow?
Venous system
162
What is represented by the horizontal axis in Doppler spectral tracing?
Time
163
What is represented by the vertical axis in Doppler spectral tracing?
Velocity
164
What vessel does the vertebral artery originate from?
Subclavian artery
165
What vessel often exhibits a change in their spectral Doppler tracings after eating?
Superior mesenteric artery
166
External carotid artery is (blank) resistance on a waveform
High resistance
167
Internal carotid artery is (blank) resistance on a waveform
Low resistance
168
Which type of resistance will touch or go below the waveform?
High resistance
169
Which type of resistance never touches the baseline?
Low resistance
170
What is the most important thing to note when evaluating the vertebral artery?
Direction of flow
171
List three characteristics of the venous system of the brain?
No valves
No muscular tissue
Very thin walls
172
What is the terminal end of the left subclavian vein?
When it meets left internal jugular vein and forms the left brachiocephalic vein
173
Blood in this vessel flows laterally & feeds the medial & inferior portions of the occipital & temporal lobes, pons, cerebellum, & internal ear.
Posterior cerebral artery
174
Which vessel feeds into the middle cerebral artery?
Internal carotid artery
175
What vessel is formed by the vertebral arteries?
Basilar artery
176
Which vessel feeds the anterior portion of the spinal cord?
Anterior spinal artery
177
Which vessel supplies the medial surfaces of the frontal and parietal lobes?
Anterior cerebral artery
178
If you perform a temporal tap during a spectral Doppler exam of this vessel the waveform will be altered:
External carotid artery
179
Which vessel bifurcated around the superior aspect of the thyroid gland?
Common carotid artery
180
Which vessel helps the vertebrobasilar portion of the circle of Willis?
Vertebral artery
181
If there is a blockage of the proximal left subclavian artery; what kind of flow will you see in the left vertebral artery?
Reverse flow
182
Three ways to distinguish internal carotid artery from external carotid artery:
ECA has more branches than ICA
ECA is more medial ICA is lateral
ECA high resistance ICA low resistance
183
What originated from the internal carotid artery?
Middle cerebral artery
184
What originates from the common carotid artery?
Internal carotid artery
185
What artery feeds the eye?
Ophthalmic artery
186
What artery runs along the corpus collosum in the interhemispheric fissure?
Anterior cerebral artery
187
What artery allows blood to flow between the anterior and posterior portions of the circle of Willis ?
Posterior communicating artery
188
What artery feeds the posterior portion of the cerebrum?
Posterior cerebral artery
189
What artery feeds the superior portion of the cerebellum?
Superior cerebellar artery
190
Which artery originates from the subclavian artery?
Vertebral artery
191
What is the first branch off of the external carotid artery?
Superior thyroid artery
192
What two vessels join to form the superior vena cava?
Right and left brachiocephalic vein
193
True/False
The internal carotid artery is always larger than the external carotid artery.
False.
(Note. Trick question; the ICA is usually larger in diameter except for when there is a stenosis)
194
The pontine arteries feed the…
Pons
195
What is the acronym that helps identify the internal carotid artery ?
LIME
Lateral
Internal
Medial
External
196
What does the anterior tibial vein flow into?
Popliteal vein
197
What does the brachial vein flow into?
Axillary vein
198
What does the greater saphenous vein flow into?
Common femoral vein
199
When there is a stenosis; pressure will (blank) and velocity will (blank)
Pressure decreases
Velocity increases
200
Between veins and arteries; which has the biggest recoil effect?
Arteries
201
What is the only blood vessel that does not have three layers?
Capillaries
202
Arterial segment with “inflow”
Aortoiliac
203
Arterial segment with “outflow”
Femoropopliteal
204
Arterial segment with “runoff”
Tibioperoneal
205
How does the fetus get oxygenated?
Via the mother at the placenta through the umbilical vein
206
How does oxygenated blood enter the fetus from the placenta?
Via the umbilical vein
207
What are the two venous pathways in which blood enters the liver of the fetus?
1. Ductus venosus
2. Portal system
208
What is ductus venosus?
The remnants of the Ligamentum venosum
209
Ductus venosus In the fetus acts as a collateral pathway for blood to be moved from the (blank) directly to the (blank) which then goes to the (blank),
From the umbilical vein
Directly to the ivc
Goes to the right atrium
210
Name the three primary shunts in fetal circulation
Ductus venosus (in liver)
Foramen ovale (in heart)
Ductus arteriosus (between PA and AO)
211
What joins the fetus to the placenta?
Umbilical arteries
212
What joins the placenta to the fetus?
Umbilical vein
213
What vessel is connecting the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava?
Ductus venosus
214
What is the opening between the left and right atria called in fetal circulation?
Foramen ovale
215
What is the blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery with the aorta that prevents blood from going to the limbs in fetal circulation?
Ductus arteriosus
216
What vessel in fetal circulation directs blood entering the right atrium so that most of it flows through the foramen ovale into the left atrium?
Eustachian valve
217
What vessel post-natal atrophies to become the lateral umbilical ligaments?
Umbilical arteries
218
What vessel post-natal becomes the round ligament of the liver? (Ligamentum teres)
Umbilical vein
219
What vessel post-natal becomes the fibrous cord (Ligamentum venosum) embedded in the wall of the liver?
Ductus venosus
220
What vessel post-natal closes shortly after birth?
Foramen ovale
221
What vessel post-natal closes and atrophied after birth, becoming the Ligamentum arteriosum?
Ductus arteriosus
222
What vessel post-natal remains basically unchanged and does not grow as the body does?
Eustachian valve
223
What are the two main features that differentiate the anatomy of the fetal heart before and after birth?
Foramen ovale & ductus arteriosus
224
What does the mediastinum consist of? (3)
Heart
Great vessels
Remains of the thymus
225
Where is the anterior portion of the inferior mediastinum located?
In the space between pericardium & sternum
226
How many branches does the external carotid artery have?
Eight
227
How many branches does the internal carotid artery have below the base of the skull?
None
228
How many branches does the common carotid artery have and what does it bifurcate into?
No branches
Bifurcated into internal and external carotid arteries
229
What are the three extracranial veins?
Internal jugular
External jugular
Vertebral veins
