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HISTOLOGY > CIRC > Flashcards

CIRC Flashcards

1
Q

pumpsanddirects blood cells and
substances carried in blood to all tissues
of the body

A

CIRCULATORYSYSTEM

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2
Q

Thebloodvascular system, or
cardiovascular system consists of the
following structures:

A
  1. HEART
  2. ARTERIES
  3. CAPILLARY
  4. VEINS
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3
Q

propels blood through
the system and is
surrounded by the
pericardium (a fibrous
sac lined by serous
mesothelium)

A

heart

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4
Q

a series of vessels
efferent from the heart
that become smaller as
they branch into the organs

A

arteries

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5
Q

, carry
blood to the tissues.

A

arteries

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6
Q

sites of O2 , CO2 ,
nutrient, and waste
product exchange
between blood and
tissues.

A

capilaries

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7
Q

complex
network of thin,
anastomosing tubules

A

microvasculature

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8
Q

makes microvasculature

A

Together with the
smallest arterial and
venous branches
carrying blood to and
from them, capillaries
in almost every organ
form it

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9
Q

result from the
convergence of venules
into a system of larger
channels which
continue enlarging as
they approach the heart,

A

veins

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10
Q

carry
the blood to be pumped
again.

A

vei

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11
Q

Twomajordivisions of arteries,

A

microvasculature, and veins

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12
Q

make up the
pulmonary circulation,

A

Twomajordivisions of arteries,
microvasculature, and veins

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13
Q

where blood is
oxygenated in the lungs,

A

pulmonary circulation,

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14
Q

systemic circulation

A

lood
brings nutrients and removes wastes in
tissues throughout the body.–

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15
Q

thin-walled, closed-ended
tubules carrying lymph that merge to
form vessels of steadily increasing size.

A

lymphatic capillaries

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16
Q

Theinternal surface of all components
of the blood and lymphatic systems is
lined

A

by a simple squamous epithelium
called endothelium.

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17
Q

functions of endothelium

A

○ Notonlymust endothelial cells
maintain a selectively
permeable, antithrombogenic
(inhibitory to clot formation)
barrier,
○ theyalso determine when and
where white blood cells leave
the circulation for the interstitial
space of tissues and-
○ secrete a variety of paracrine
factors for vessel dilation,
constriction, and growth of
adjacent cells

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18
Q

Cardiac muscle in the four chambers

A

RL ventricle
RL artery

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19
Q

propel
blood to the pulmonary circ

A

right ventricle

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20
Q

propel
blood to the circulatory circulation

A

left ventricle

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21
Q

receive blood from
the body

A

right atria

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22
Q

receive blood from
the pulmonary veins

A

left atria

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23
Q

3 major layers walls of the heart chamber

A

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

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24
Q

endocardium made up of

A
  • lining endothelium with supportive layer of fibroelastic ct with scattered fibers of smooth muscle
  • deeper layer of ct called subendocardial layer, surrounding modified cardiac muscles
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25
Q

modified cardiac muscle fibers that

A

comprise the heart’s impulse conducting
system

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26
Q

-consists mainly of typically contractile
cardiac muscle fibers arranged spirally
around each heart chamber.

A

myocardium

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27
Q
  • a simple squamous mesothelium
    supported by a layer of loose connective
    tissue containing blood vessels and
    nerves.
A

epicardium

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28
Q

corresponds to the
visceral layer of the pericardium, the
membrane surrounding the heart

A

epicardium

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29
Q

Where the large vessels enter and leave
the heart

A

epicardium

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30
Q

separates the musculature of the atria
from that of the ventricles, forms part of
the interventricular and interatrial septa,
and extends into the valve cusps and the
chordae tendineae to which they are
attached `

A

cardiac skeleton

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31
Q

FUNCTION OF VARIOUS REGION OF
CARDIAC SKELETON

A

■ Surrounding, anchoring, and supporting all
heart valves
■ Providing firm points of insertion for cardiac
muscle in the atria and ventricles-
■ Helping coordinate the heartbeat by acting as electrical insulation between atria and ventricles.

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32
Q

CONDUCTINGSYSTEMOFTHE
HEART ahppens at

A

subendocardial layer

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33
Q

what makes CONDUCTING SYSTEM OF THE
HEART

A

adjacent myocardium, modified cardiac
muscle cells make up this impulse.

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34
Q

specialized to generate and conduct
waves of depolarization,which stimulate rhythmic contractions in adjacent myocardial fibers.

A

CONDUCTINGSYSTEMOFTHE
HEART

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35
Q

⑥
consists of two nodes of specialized
myocardial tissue in the right atrial wall

A

CONDUCTINGSYSTEMOFTHE
HEART

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36
Q

two nodes of specialized
myocardial tissue in the right atrial wall

A

SA and AV

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37
Q

STRUCTURE OF SINOATRIAL NODE

A

a 6- to 7-mm3 region of less
well-stained cardiac muscle cells with
smaller size.
fewer myofibrils, and fewer typical
intercalated disks than the neighboring
contractile fibers.

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38
Q

LOCATION OF SA

A

RIGHT ATRIAL WALL NEAAR SUPERIOR VENA CAVA

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39
Q

move along myocardial fibers of
both atria stimulating contraction

A

SA NODE

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40
Q

AV NODE LOCATION

A

⑧
their
located in the floor of the right atrium
near the AV valve

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41
Q

stimulate depolarization myocytes
there.

A

AV NODE

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42
Q

bifurcates into left and right bundles of
myocyte

A

CONDUCTING MYOCYTES GROUPED INTO AV BUNDLES

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43
Q

purkinje fiber location

A

apex of the heart

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44
Q

bundles subdivide further into a
subendocardial conducting network of
cardiac muscle fibers.
pale-staining fibers

A

purkinje fiber

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45
Q

purkinje

A

pale-staining fibers, larger than the
adjacent contractile fibers, with sparse,peripheral
glycogen.

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46
Q

innervate the heart.

A

Both
sympathetic
innervate the heart.
parasympathetic
neural
and
components

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47
Q

affect heart rate and rhythm, such as
during physical exercise and emotional
stress.

A

Ganglionic nerve cells and nerve
fibers

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48
Q

slows the
heartbeat,

A

Stimulation of the parasympathetic
division (vagus nerve)

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49
Q

stimulation of the
sympathetic nerve

A

accelerates activity of
the pacemaker.

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50
Q

angina pectoris

A

Between fibers of the
myocardium are afferent free nerve
endings that register pain, such as the
discomfort

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51
Q

occurs when partially occluded coronary
arteries cause local oxygen deprivation.

A

angina pectoris

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52
Q

Walls of all blood vessels except
?contain ?? in addition to the
.??

A

Walls of all blood vessels except
capillaries contain smooth muscle and
connective tissue in addition to the
endothelial lining.

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53
Q

endothelium is a barrier between

A

acts as a
semipermeable barrier between two
major internal compartments: the blood
and the interstitial tissue fluid.

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54
Q

with its basal lamina is highly
differentiated to mediate and actively
monitor the bidirectional exchange of
molecules by simple and active
diffusion,
O
receptor-mediated
endocytosis, transcytosis, and other
mechanisms.

A

Endothelium

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55
Q

Vascular endothelial cells

A

squamous, polygonal, and elongated
with the long axis in the direction of
blood flow.

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56
Q

secretes various
factors that stimulate smooth muscle
contraction (such as endothelin-1 and
angiotensinconverting enzyme [ACE])
or relaxation (including nitric oxide
[NO] and prostacyclin).

A

endothelium

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57
Q

is expressed
rapidly on the luminal surface when
unique elongated granules, called
Weibel–Palade bodies, fuse with the
cell membrane.

A

p-selectin

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58
Q

when wbc is undergoing transendothelial migration
at sites of injury or infection, what is expressed
rapidly o

A

undergo transendothelial migration
at sites of injury or infection. Under
those conditions, P-selectin is expressed
rapidly oelectin

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59
Q

unique elongated granules, called
that fuse with the
cell membrane.

A

unique elongated granules, called
Weibel–Palade bodies, fuse with the
cell membrane.

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60
Q

stimulate formation of the vascular
system from embryonic mesenchyme

A

VEGF (vascular endothelial growth
factor

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61
Q

help maintain the vasculature in adults,
and promote capillary sprouting and
outgrowth from small existing vessels

A

angiogenesis

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62
Q

stimulate endothelial
cells to recruit smooth muscle cells and
fibroblasts to form the other tissues of
the vascular wall.

A

angiopoietins

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63
Q

In arterioles and small arteries, the
smooth muscle cells are

A

connected by
many more gap junctions and permit
vasoconstriction and vasodilation that
are of key importance in regulating the
overall blood pressure.

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64
Q

collagen location

A

found in the
subendothelial layer, between the smooth muscle
layers, and in the outer covering.

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65
Q

provide the resiliency required
for the vascular wall to expand under pressure.

A

elastic fiber

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66
Q

major component in large arteries
where it forms parallel lamellae, regularly
distributed between the muscle layers.

A

elastin

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67
Q

composition
of ground substance, contribute to the physical
and metabolic properties of the wall in different
vessels, especially affecting their permeability

A

Proteoglycans and Hyaluronate

68
Q

tunica intima consists of

A

consists of the endothelium and a thin
subendothelial layer of loose connective
tissue sometimes containing smooth
muscle fibers

69
Q

layer that shows folds in cross sections

A

tunica intima

70
Q

tuni intima often shows folds
in cross section as a result of the loss of

A

ften shows folds
in cross section as a result of the loss ofblood pressure and contraction of the
vessel at death

71
Q

Between the intima
and the media, which is more well-defined than
the elastic laminae of the media.

A

internal elastic lamina

72
Q

consists chiefly of concentric layers of
helically arranged smooth muscle cells

A

tunica media

73
Q

In arteries, the media may also have an
??? ??? it from
the outermost tunic.

A

In arteries, the media may also have an
external elastic lamina separating it from
the outermost tunic.

74
Q

Interposed among the muscle fibers are
variable amounts of elastic fibers and
elastic lamellae, reticular fibers, and
proteoglycans, all of which are produced
by the

A

smooth muscle cells.

75
Q

STRUCTURE OF TUNICA ADVENTITIA

A

connective tissue consisting principally
of type I collagen and elastic fibers.–
continuous with and bound to the stroma
of the organ through which the blood
vessel runs.

76
Q

release the vasoconstrictor
norepinephrine.

A

VASOMOTOR NERVE

77
Q

-
&
On larger vessels this also contains a
network of unmyelinated autonomic
nerve fibers, the vasomotor nerve

A

-
&
On larger vessels this also contains a
network of unmyelinated autonomic
nerve fibers, the vasomotor nerve

78
Q

he density of this
innervation is greater in ?? than in
?/.

A

he density of this
innervation is greater in arteries than in
veins.

79
Q

vessels of the vessel.

A

VASO VASORUM

80
Q

required to provide metabolites to cells
in those tunics in larger vessels because
the wall is too thick to be nourished
solely by diffusion from the blood in the
lumen.

A

VASOVASORUM

81
Q

provide the
needs of cells in the intima. Because
they carry deoxygenated blood, large
veins commonly have more vasa
vasorum than arteries.

A

LUMINAL BLOOD

82
Q

Large blood vessels and those of the
microvasculature branch frequently and
undergo
gradual
transitions
into
structures with different histologic
features and functions.

A

VASCULATURE

83
Q

major role is to
carry blood to smaller arteries

A

CONDUCTIN/ELASTIC ARTERY

84
Q

are the aorta, the pulmonary artery, and
their largest branches; these large
vessels are also called

A

conducting/ELASTIC
arteries

85
Q

most prominent feature of elastic
arteries

A

thick tunica media which elastic lamellae alternate with
layers of smooth muscle fibers.

86
Q

numerous elastic lamellae of elastic artery helps in

A

makning blood flow uniformly

87
Q

blood is moved through
the arteries forcefully and the elastin is
stretched, distending the wall within the limit set
by the wall’s collagen.

A

ventricular
contraction (systole)

88
Q

diastole

A

ventricular pressure drops to a low level, but the
elastin rebounds passively, helping to maintain
arterial pressure

89
Q

prevent backflow of blood into the heart

A

aortic and pulmonary valce

90
Q

decrease and become less variable as
the distance from the heart increases.

A

arterial blood perssure and velovity

91
Q

slight dilations of the bilateral internal
carotid arteries where they branch from
the (elastic) common carotid arteries.

A

carotid sinus

92
Q

act as important baroreceptors
monitoring arterial blood pressure.

A

carotid sinus

93
Q

Histologically, more complex ???
that monitor blood CO2 and O2 levels, as well
as its pH, are found in the ???? and in
the??? , located in the walls of the

? ? respectively.

A

Histologically, more complex chemoreceptors
that monitor blood CO2 and O2 levels, as well
as its pH, are found in the carotid bodies and in
the aortic bodies, located in the walls of the
carotid sinuses and aortic arch, respectively.

94
Q

large, neural crest-derived.

A

glomuss cell

95
Q

glomus cells are filled and contained with

A

O
with
dense-core
vesicles
containing dopamine, acetylcholine, and
other neurotransmitters, which are
supported by smaller satellite cells

96
Q

on channels in the????? respond to stimuli in the
arterial blood, primarily hypoxia (low
O2 ), hypercapnia (excess CO2 ), or
acidosis, by activating release of
neurotransmitters.

A

glomus cellmembranes

97
Q

also called distributing arteries.

A

muscular arteries

98
Q

distribute blood to the organs and help
regulate blood pressure by contracting
or relaxing the smooth muscle in the
media.

A

muscular artery

99
Q

structure of muscular artery

A

The intima has a thin subendothelial
layer and a prominent internal elastic
lamina.
The media may contain up to 40 layers
of
Iel
large
smooth
muscle
cells
interspersed with a variable number of
elastic lamellae (depending on the size
of the vessel).—e
An external elastic lamina is present
only in the larger muscular arteries. The
adventitial connective tissue contains
lymphatic capillaries, vasa vasorum, and
nerves, all of which may penetrate to the
outer part of the media

100
Q

Muscular arteries branch repeatedly into
smaller and smaller arteries, until
.

A

reaching a size with three or four layers
of medial smooth muscle

101
Q

smallest artery

A

muscular artery

102
Q

ndicate the beginning of
an organ’s microvasculature where
exchanges between blood and tissue
fluid occur.

A

muscular artery having 1 or 2 layer which is the usual

103
Q

lumens approximately as wide as
the wall is thick.

A

muscular artery

104
Q

branch to form
anastomosing networks of capillaries
that surround the parenchymal cells of
the organ.

A

muscular atrery

105
Q

At the ends of arterioles-Act as sphincters and produce
periodic blood flow into capillaries

A

-
.
Smooth muscle fibers-

106
Q

keeps
arterioles
partially
closed,
resisting blood flow, which makes these
vessels the major determinants of
systemic blood pressure

A

muscle tone

107
Q

control
the degree of vasoconstriction at
the shunts, regulating blood
flow through the capillary beds.

A

AUTONOMIC FIBERS

108
Q

blood flows through two
successive
capillary
separated by a portal vein

A

venous portal system,

109
Q

Lacks media and adventita tunics

A

CAPILLARIES

110
Q

allows transit of
blood cells only one at a time,

A

CAPILLARIES

111
Q

make up over 90% of the body’s
vasculature, w

A

CAPILLARIES

112
Q

can be recognized by
nuclei adjacent to small lumens or by
highly eosinophilic red blood cells in the
lumen.

A

Paraffin sections

113
Q

nuclei are often distinctively curved to
accommodate the very small tubular
structure

A

capillaries

114
Q

maintain
the tubular structure, with variable
numbers of tight junctions having an
important role in capil lary permeability.
Capillaries
permit
and
regulate

A

Along with the basal lamina, junctional
complexes between the cells

115
Q

permit
and
regulate
metabolic exchange between blood and
surrounding tissue

A

capillaries

116
Q

These smallest
blood vessels
always function in
networks calle

A

capillary beds

117
Q

types of capillaries

A
  1. continuous
    2.fenestrated
  2. disontinuous
118
Q

Most common capillary type

A

Continuous capillaries

119
Q

have
many tight,
well-developed occluding
junctions
between
slightly
overlapping endothelial cells

A

continuois capillaryq

120
Q

provide for continuity
along the endothelium and
well-regulated
metabolic
exchange across the cells

A

continuous cpaillary

121
Q

continuous capillary loc

A

O
found in muscle, con nective
tissue, lungs, exocrine glands,
and nervous tissue.

MuConLuExNe

122
Q

exert the
tightest
control over what
molecules leave and enter the
capillary lumen

A

continuous capillary

123
Q

have a sieve-like structure that
allows
more-
extensive
molecular exchange across the
endothelium

A

fenestrated capillary

124
Q

structure of fesnestrated capillary

A

Some fenestrations are covered
by very thin diaphragms of
proteoglycan.The
②
basement
membrane
however
is
continuous and covers the
fenestrations

125
Q

location of fenestrated capillary

A

in organs with rapid inter
change of substances between
tissues and the blood, such as
the kidneys, intestine, choroid
plexus, and endocrine glands.

kiInChoEn

126
Q

AKA sinusoids

A

discontinuous capillaries

127
Q

permit maximal exchange of
macromolecules as well as
allow easier movement of cells
between tissues and blood

A

discontnuous capillary/sinusoids

128
Q

have
highly
basement
membranes and much larger
diameters, often 30-40 μm,
which slows blood flow

A

sinusoids

129
Q

sinusoids location

A

O
e found in the liver, spleen,
some endocrine organs, and
bone marrow

LiSpleEnBo

130
Q

At various locations along continuous
capillaries and postcapillary venules are
mesenchymal cells called

A

pericytes

131
Q

ecrete many ECM components and
form their own basal lamina fuses with the basement membrane of
the endothelial cell

A

pericytes

132
Q

dilate or constrict
capillaries, helping to regulate blood
flow in some organ

A

pericytes

133
Q

maintaining
the
endothelial
blood-brain barrier. in CNS

A

Pericytes

134
Q

proliferate and
differentiate to form smooth muscle

A

pericytes

135
Q

The density of the capillary bed is
related to the ??? of the
tissues.

A

The density of the capillary bed is
related to the metabolic activity of the
tissues.

136
Q

tissue with low metabolic rates,

A

such as smooth muscle and dense
connective tissue

137
Q

Capillary
beds
are
supplied
preferentially by one or more terminal
arteriole branches called ,

A

metarterioles

138
Q

capillary beds are continuous with thoroughfare
channels
connected with the

A

postcapillary venules

139
Q

The ???? act as ???? that control blood flow into
the capillaries

A

The metarteriole
muscle cells act as precapillary
sphincters that control blood flow into
the capillaries.T

140
Q

.These sphinc ters contract
and relax cyclically, causing blood to pass
through capillaries in a pul satile
manner

A

precapillary
sphincters

141
Q

When the sphincters are closed,
blood flows directly from

A

metarterioles

142
Q

capillary beds are composed of

A

Composed o simple layer of endothelial
cells rolled up as a tube surrounded by
basement membrane

143
Q

not all interstitial fluid formed at
capillary beds is drained into venules;
the excess is called

A

lymph

144
Q

lymph collects
in thin-walled, irregularly shaped

A

lym
phatic vessels (L),

145
Q

lymphatic vessels are see in

A

connective tissue and smooth muscle

146
Q

imilar to
capillar ies with pericytes but larger,

A

Postcapillary venules

147
Q

characteristic feature of all venules is

A

the large diameter of the lumen
compared to the overall thin ness of the
wall (

148
Q

primary site at which white blood cells
adhere to endothelium and leave the
circulation at sites of infection or tissue
damage.

A

post capillary venules

149
Q

Blood entering veins is under very low
pres sure and moves toward the heart by

A

contraction of the smooth muscle fibers
in-
the
media and by external
compressions from surrounding skeletal
muscles and other organs

150
Q

location of vein

A

close and parallel to
corresponding muscular arteries

151
Q

directly connect the arterial and venous
systems
and
temporarily
capillaries.

A

av shunts//anastosomes

152
Q

In skin, blood flow can be varied
according to external condi tions by
,

A

arteriovenous
(AV)
shunts,
or
anastomoses

153
Q

col lect excess
interstitial fluid from the tissue spaces as
lymph and return it to the blood.

A

lymphatic
capillaries

154
Q

sually rich in lightly staining proteins
but does not normally contain red blood
cells, although lymphocytes and other
white blood cells may normally be
present

A

LYMPH

155
Q

Except ??? and ???? , most tissues with blood micro
vasculature also contain lymphatic
capillaries (or lymphatics)

A

Except bone marrow and most of the
CNS, most tissues with blood micro
vasculature also contain lymphatic
capillaries (or lymphatics)

156
Q

originate locally as tubes of very thin
endothelial cells, which lack tight
junctions and rest on a discontinuous
basal lamina.

A

lymphatic capillaries

157
Q

interstitial fluid enters capillaries VIA

A

entering lymphatic capillaries by flowing
between
endothelial cells and by transcytosis.

158
Q

lack
hemidesmosome connections to the
basal lamina and extend into the lumen
to form leaflets of valves facilitating
fluid
>–
entry and preventing most
backflow of lymph

A

Specific
domains of adja cent
endothelial
cells

159
Q

larger lymphatic vessels

A

are lymph
nodes

160
Q

lymphat8ic capillaries ultimately converge as two large trunks:

A

thoracic duct and the right
lymphatic duct,

161
Q

empty lymph
back into the blood

A

vright
lymphatic duct,

162
Q

⑳
connects with the blood circulatory
system near the junction of the lefinternal jugular vein with the left sub
clavian vein,

A

thoracic duct

163
Q

②
enters near the confluence of the right
subclavian vein and the right internal
jugular vein.

A

right lymphatic duct

164
Q

major distributor of lymphocytes,
antibodies, and other immune components that
are carried through many organs to and from
lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues

A

lymphatic vascular
system

165
Q

where lymph is processed by cells of the
immune system

A

lymph nodes

HISTOLOGY (4 decks)

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