Church History C (Chappell/Meek)

Question 1

Council of Nicea

Answer 1

[325 AD]
1. Concerned with Jesus’ divine nature
2. Deliberated three positions: 1) Arian [Jesus was created.]; 2) Semi-Arian [Jesus is of a similar substance to the Father.]; 3) Alexandrian/Athanasian [Jesus is of the same substance as the Father.]
3. Adopted the Alexandrian/Athanasian position

Question 2

Council of Chalcedon

Answer 2

[451 AD]
1. Concerned with how divinity and humanity are joined in Jesus
2. Mediated two positions: 1) Antiochene/Nestorian [Jesus is two persons, human and divine, with two natures, human and divine.]; 2) Alexandrine/Eutychian [Jesus has one nature, human and divine combined.]
3. Reiterated the conclusions of the Councils of Nicea, Constantinople, and Ephesus [Jesus is one person in two natures, “without any confusion, change, division, or separation.”]

Question 3

Reformation

Answer 3

[1517–1521 AD]
1. Concerned with abuses in the Catholic church [indulgences, penance]
2. Formally originated when Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the Wittenberg church door
3. Yielded five solas [Sola Scriptura, Sola Fide, Sola Gratia, Solus Christus, Soli Deo Gloria]

Question 4

Counter-Reformation

Answer 4

[1545–1563 AD]
1. Catholic response to the Reformation
2. Formally originated with the Council of Trent
3. Yielded the re-affirmation of traditional Catholic doctrine [canonicity, papal authority, mortal sin, sacraments, purgatory]

Question 5

Heidelberg Catechism

Answer 5

[1563 AD]
1. One of the Three Forms of Unity [Belgic Confession, Canons of Dordt]
2. Authored by Ursinus and Olevianus
3. Designed to teach Reformed doctrine

Question 6

Belgic Confession

Answer 6

[1561 AD]
1. One of the Three Forms of Unity [Heidelberg Catechism, Canons of Dordt]
2. Authored by Guido de Brès
3. Designed to summarize Reformed doctrine

Question 7

Synod of Dordt

Answer 7

[1618–1619 AD]
1. Concerned with the controversy raised by Arminianism [Five Articles of Remonstrance]
2. Convened by and comprised of Reformed thinkers
3. Yielded the Canons of Dordt [summarized in the Five Points of Calvinism]

Question 8

Westminster Assembly

Answer 8

[1643–1653 AD]
1. Tasked with developing a confession of faith to restructure and unify the Church of England
2. Convened by the English Parliament and comprised of members of Parliament and Puritan divines
3. Yielded the Westminster Confession of Faith and Larger and Shorter Catechisms

Question 9

Pietism

Answer 9

[Late 1600s AD]
1. Concerned with dead orthodoxy in the Lutheran church
2. Originated with Philipp Spener
3. Emphasized individual experience, new birth, spiritual discipline, lay involvement, renewal preaching, and love for all

Question 10

Great Awakening(s)

Answer 10

[First: ca. 1730–1755 AD]
1. Series of revivals in Britain and the thirteen colonies
2. Led by George Whitefield, John Wesley, and Jonathan Edwards
3. Emphasized outpourings of the Holy Spirit, extemporaneous preaching, new birth, and assurance of salvation

[Second: ca. 1790–1840 AD]
1. A series of revivals in the United States, stretching to the frontier [circuit riders]
2. Emphasized social reform and religious fervor
3. Yielded Adventism, Dispensationalism, and the Latter-Day Saint movement

Question 11

Old School/New School

Answer 11

[1837 AD]
1. Controversy over the Second Great Awakening within the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America
2. The Old School, led by Charles Hodge, opposed revivalism and emphasized strict subscription.
3. The New School, led by Jonathan Edwards, Samuel Hopkins, and Joseph Bellamy, supported revivalism.

Question 12

Auburn Affirmation

Answer 12

[1924 AD]
1. Document issued by Presbyterians gathered in Auburn, New York
2. Designed to safeguard the unity and liberty of the Presbyterian Church by advocating tolerance
3. Denied the need for ordained ministers to affirm inspiration and inerrancy of Scripture, the virgin birth, substitutionary atonement, the real and historical resurrection, and Jesus’ miracles