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CHS Gov > CHS Final Exam > Flashcards

CHS Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain, also stating the ideas of equality and natural rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness

A

Declaration of Independence

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2
Q

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

A

Articles of Confederation

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3
Q

A document that embodies the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed.

A

U.S. Constitution

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4
Q

Legislative Branch (Congress)

A

Article 1 of the Constitution

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5
Q

Section of the Constitution laying out powers and responsibilities of the Executive Branch

A

Article 2 of the Constitution

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6
Q

Section of the Constitution laying out powers and responsibilities of the Judicial Branch

A

Article 3 of the Constitution

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7
Q

Outlines the rights and expectations for all states and citizens including the adding of new states

A

Article 4 of the Constitution

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8
Q

Outlines the process for formally amending or changing the Constitution

A

Article 5 of the Constitution

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9
Q

Supremacy Clause - clearly states that national law will be supreme over state law

A

Article 6 of the Constitution

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10
Q

The right to free speech, press, assembly, petition, and religion, government cannot establish religion

A

1st Amendment (1791)

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11
Q

Criminal Proceedings; Due Process; Eminent Domain; Double Jeopardy; Protection from Self incrimination

A

5th Amendment (1791)

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12
Q

An essay composed by James Madison which argues that liberty is safest in a large republic because many interests (factions) exist. Such diversity makes tyranny by the majority more difficult since ruling coalitions will always be unstable.

A

Federalist 10

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13
Q

Separation of powers, checks and balances

A

Federalist 51 (Madison)

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14
Q

an Antifederalist Paper arguing that the country was too large to be governed as a republic and that the Constitution gave too much power to the national government

A

Brutus 1 (1787)

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15
Q

US requires a strong, energetic executive; plural executive is dangerous

A

Federalist 70

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16
Q

discusses the power of judicial review. It argues that the federal courts have the duty to determine whether acts of Congress are constitutional and to follow the Constitution when there is inconsistency. Hamilton viewed this as a protection against abuse of power by Congress.

A

Federalist 78

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17
Q

Martin Luther King, Jr., wrote on April 16, 1963. In the letter, King defended the nonviolent protests that he participated in for the fight against racial injustice

A

“Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” 1963

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18
Q

This case establishes the Supreme Court’s power of Judicial Review

A

Marbury v. Madison

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19
Q

Supreme Court ruling (1819) confirming the supremacy of national over state government, and established a liberal interpretation of the “necessary and proper” clause.

A

McCulloch v. Maryland

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20
Q

The Court held that Congress had exceeded its commerce clause power by prohibiting guns in a school zone.

A

US v. Lopez

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21
Q

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

A

Plessy v. Ferguson

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22
Q

court found that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection clause, “separate but equal” has no place

A

Brown v. Board of Education

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23
Q

Candidates can use as much of their own money on their own campaigns.

A

Buckley v. Valeo

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24
Q

corporate funding of independent political broadcasts can’t be limited

A

Citizens United v. FEC

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25
Q

An electoral district from which one person is chosen by the voters for each elected office. This type of electoral system typically leads to legislatures dominated by two political parties.

winner-take-all

A

single-member district

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26
Q

a body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president.

A

Electoral College

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27
Q

a system in which the candidate with the most district votes in a state gets all of the delegate votes from that state

A

winner-take-all

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28
Q

The role of the media in scrutinizing the actions of government officials; our eyes on the government., Dig up facts and warn the public if something is wrong

A

Watchdog role of media

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29
Q

The media can influence what subjects become national political issues and for how long.

A

Gatekeeper

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30
Q

Media focuses on who’s ahead and by how much instead of a debate on substantive issues.

A

horserace journalism

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31
Q

A group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to nominate candidates for office, win elections, conduct government, and determine public policy

A

political party

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32
Q

An organization of people sharing a common interest or goal that seeks to influence the making of public policy

A

interest group

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33
Q

Engaging in activities aimed at influencing public officials, especially legislators, and the policies they enact.

A

Lobbying

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34
Q

institutional advantages held by those already in office who are trying to fend off challengers in an election

A

incumbency advantage

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35
Q

believe that government is necessary to protect individuals from being harmed by others; the belief that the government’s proper role is to actively promote health, education, and justice.

A

Liberal Political Ideology

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36
Q

the belief that the government should play a limited role in citizens’ lives; also the belief in “traditional family values” and what is viewed as a moral lifestyle

A

Conservative Political Ideology

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37
Q

Conservative political party in the United States

A

Republican Party

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38
Q

Liberal political party in the United States

A

Democratic Party

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39
Q

The process by which the public opinion divides and goes to the extremes.

A

Political Polarization

40
Q

Constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens

A

Civil Liberties

41
Q

Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals.

A

Civil Rights

42
Q

segregation by law

A

de jure segregation

43
Q

Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice.

A

de facto segregation

44
Q

State governments must observe fair procedures when they deny a person life, liberty, or property.

A

Due Process Clause 14th Amendment

45
Q

14th amendment clause that prohibits states from denying equal protection under the law, and has been used to combat discrimination

A

Equal Protection Clause

46
Q

Let the decision stand; decisions are based on precedents from previous cases

A

stare decisis

47
Q

Legal briefs submitted by a “friend of the court” for the purpose of raising additional points of view and presenting information not contained in the briefs of the formal parties. These briefs attempt to influence a court’s decision.

A

Amicus Curaie briefs

48
Q

The power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional

A

Judicial Review

49
Q

A judicial philosophy in which judges play minimal policymaking roles, leaving that duty strictly to the legislatures

A

judicial restraint

50
Q

A judicial philosophy in which judges make bold policy decisions, even charting new constitutional ground. Advocates of this approach emphasize that the courts can correct pressing needs, especially those unmet by the majoritarian political process.

A

judicial activism

51
Q

Election campaigns and other political processes in which candidates, not political parties, have most of the initiative and influence.

A

Candidate Centered Campaigns

52
Q

Election campaigns and other political processes in which political parties, not individual candidates, hold most of the initiative and influence.

A

party-centered campaigns

53
Q

A committee set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from voluntary donations

A

Political Action Committee (PAC)

54
Q

campaign contributions donated directly to candidates

A

hard money

55
Q

Campaign contributions unregulated by federal or state law, usually given to parties and party committees to help fund general party activities.

A

soft money

56
Q

Presidential Succession; Vice Presidential Vacancy; Presidential Inability

A

25th Amendment

57
Q

Amendment that created a 2 term limit on presidents.

A

22nd Amendment

58
Q

The power of Congress to review the policies and programs of the executive branch

A

oversight function

59
Q

A close relationship between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interest group

A

Iron Triangle

60
Q

Passed in 1883, an Act that created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage.

A

Pendleton Civil Service Act

61
Q

the power to initiate revenue bills, impeach federal officials, and elect the President in the case of an electoral college tie

A

Powers of the House of Representatives

62
Q

confirm presidential appointments by a majority vote, ratify (approve) treaties made by the president by a 2/3rds vote (67 senators), hold impeachment trial to remove a president

A

Powers of the Senate

63
Q

Clause of the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) setting forth the implied powers of Congress. It states that Congress, in addition to its express powers, has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government

A

Necessary and Proper Clause

64
Q

Clause stating that Congress can regulate interstate and international commerce.

A

Commerce Clause

65
Q

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

A

Federalism

66
Q

A political system in which the privileged classes acquire the power to decide by a competition for the people’s votes and have substantial freedom between elections to rule as they see fit.

A

elite democracy

67
Q

a theory of democracy that holds that citizen membership in groups is the key to political power

A

Pluralistic Democracy

68
Q

a theory of democracy that holds that citizens should actively and directly control all aspects of their lives

A

participatory democracy

69
Q

Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures

A

4th Amendment

70
Q

Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

A

Miranda v. Arizona

71
Q

Right to bear arms

A

2nd Amendment (1791)

72
Q

No quartering of soldiers

A

3rd Amendment (1791)

73
Q

The right to a Speedy Trial by jury, representation by an attorney for an accused person

A

6th amendment (1791)

74
Q

Right to a jury trial for criminal and some civil cases

A

7th amendment (1791)

75
Q

Prohibits excessive bail and no unusual punishment

A

8th amendment (1791)

76
Q

Addresses our unenumerated rights

A

9th Amendment (1791)

77
Q

Federal powers are not stated in the Constitution are reserved for the states

A

10th amendment (1791)

78
Q

Prohibits citizens of one state or foreign country from suing another state.

A

11th amendment (1795)

79
Q

Changes procedure for electing President and Vice-President

A

12th amendment (1804)

80
Q

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

A

13th amendment (1865)

81
Q

citizenship, due process, equal protection

A

14th amendment (1868)

82
Q

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

A

15th amendment (1870)

83
Q

Congress is given the power to tax incomes

A

16th amendment (1913)

84
Q

Direct election of senators

A

17th amendment (1913)

85
Q

Prohibition of liquor

A

18th amendment (1919)

86
Q

Gave women the right to vote

A

19th amendment (1920)

87
Q

The major effect of this was to severely cut down the “lame duck” period from the presidency.

A

20th amendment (1933)

88
Q

Repeal of Prohibition

A

21st amendment

89
Q

the president is limited to two terms or a total of 10 years in office

A

22nd amendment

90
Q

Gives Washington DC electoral college votes as if it were a state (DC still has no representation in Congress)

A

23rd amendment (1961)

91
Q

Prohibits federal and state governments from charging poll tax

A

24th amendment (1964)

92
Q

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

A

26th amendment (1971)

93
Q

Any change in congressional salaries takes place after the general election

A

27th amendment (1992)

94
Q

paid, owned, earned

A

types of media

95
Q

Campaigns have evolved from traditional media forms like TV and radio, to include digital media, allowing for more targeted messaging and greater outreach to the specific voters they want.

A

how campaigns have evolved as the form of media evolved

96
Q
  • favored ratification of the constitution
  • favored a powerful federal government
  • argued against bill of rights
  • “Federalist Papers”
A

federalist views

97
Q

-Wanted the power to be held at the state level

-in favor of a small republic

  • wanted a bill of rights
  • opposed ratification of the constitution
A

anti-federalist views

CHS Gov (6 decks)

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