Chs 10 and 11

Question 1

October Manifesto

Answer 1

A 1905 document issued by Tsar Nicholas II promising political reforms, including a constitutional government, civil liberties, and the establishment of the Duma (a legislative assembly), in response to the 1905 Revolution.

Question 2

Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)

Answer 2

The peace treaty that ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), mediated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. It recognized Japan’s interests in Korea and ceded territory, marking Russia’s defeat.

Question 3

Bloody Sunday

Answer 3

A massacre on January 22, 1905, when Imperial soldiers shot unarmed demonstrators led by Father George Gapon in St. Petersburg. This event sparked widespread unrest and contributed to the 1905 Revolution.

Question 4

Father George Gapon

Answer 4

A Russian Orthodox priest who led the workers’ march on Bloody Sunday in 1905, appealing to Tsar Nicholas II for reforms. His leadership ignited the 1905 Revolution.

Question 5

Leon Trotsky

Answer 5

A Marxist revolutionary, key figure in the Russian Revolution, and leader of the Red Army. He played a critical role in the Bolshevik rise to power and was later exiled by Stalin

Question 6

Marxist Social Democrats

Answer 6

A political party in Russia based on Marxist principles. It split into two factions: the Bolsheviks (led by Lenin) and the Mensheviks (led by Martov), differing on strategies for revolution.

Question 7

Octobrists

Answer 7

A moderate conservative political group in Imperial Russia that supported the reforms of the October Manifesto but opposed further revolutionary changes.

Question 8

Kadets (Constitutional Democrats)

Answer 8

-A liberal political party in Imperial Russia that sought a constitutional monarchy, civil liberties, and expanded rights for the Duma.

Question 9

Black Hundreds

Answer 9

Ultra-nationalist, monarchist, and anti-Semitic groups in Imperial Russia that violently opposed revolutionary movements and defended Tsarist autocracy.

Question 10

Fundamental Laws

Answer 10

A set of laws issued by Tsar Nicholas II in 1906 that limited the powers of the Duma, reaffirming the autocratic authority of the Tsar despite the promises of the October Manifesto.

Question 11

Peter Stolypin

Answer 11

A Russian prime minister from 1906 to 1911 known for his agricultural reforms and harsh measures to suppress revolutionary movements. He was assassinated in 1911.

Question 12

Triple Entente

Answer 12

A pre-World War I alliance between France, Russia, and Britain aimed at counterbalancing the growing power of the Triple Alliance.

Question 13

Triple Alliance

Answer 13

A military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, formed before World War I to counter the growing influence of the Triple Entente.

Question 14

Gregory Rasputin

Answer 14

A Russian mystic and advisor to Tsarina Alexandra, infamous for his influence over the Romanov family, particularly during the reign of Nicholas II. He was assassinated in 1916.

Question 15

February Revolution (March Revolution)

Answer 15

The 1917 uprising in Petrograd that led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, ending centuries of Romanov rule and paving the way for the Provisional Government.

Question 16

Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers Deputies

Answer 16

Councils formed by workers and soldiers during the 1917 Russian Revolutions that played a critical role in directing revolutionary activity and challenging the authority of the Provisional Government

Question 17

Order Number 1

Answer 17

A directive issued by the Petrograd Soviet in 1917 that gave soldiers more control over military decisions and democratized the army, undermining the authority of the Provisional Government.

Question 18

April Theses

Answer 18

A series of directives issued by Lenin in April 1917, calling for an end to the war, the abolition of the Provisional Government, and the establishment of Soviet power under the Bolsheviks.

Question 19

Alexander Kerensky

Answer 19

A key figure in the Russian Revolution, Kerensky was a member of the Provisional Government and later served as its leader before being overthrown by the Bolsheviks in October 1917.

Question 20

Council of People’s Commissars

Answer 20

The Bolshevik government formed after the October Revolution of 1917, headed by Lenin, which replaced the Provisional Government and began implementing communist policies.

Question 21

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)

Answer 21

A peace treaty signed by Soviet Russia and the Central Powers that ended Russia’s involvement in World War I, resulting in significant territorial losses for Russia.

Question 22

Comintern

Answer 22

Short for the Communist International, it was an organization founded in 1919 to promote international communist revolutions and coordinate communist activities globally.

Question 23

Cheka

Answer 23

The Bolshevik secret police, established in 1917 to suppress counter-revolutionary activities and opposition to the Soviet government. It later evolved into the KGB.

Question 24

Democratic centralism

Answer 24

A Leninist organizational principle where political decisions are made centrally by leadership but are to be implemented by all party members without further debate.

Question 25

Doctrine of peaceful coexistence

Answer 25

A Soviet policy during the Cold War that promoted the idea that socialist and capitalist states could coexist peacefully without direct military confrontation, especially under Khrushchev.

Question 26

Joseph Dzhughashvili

Answer 26

The birth name of Joseph Stalin, the Soviet leader who rose to power after Lenin’s death and led the USSR through industrialization, collectivization, and the Great Purge. He ruled from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953.