Chronic Inflammation Flashcards
What are the three ways that chronic inflammation can arise?
When it takes over from acute inflammation, when it arises without acute inflammation and it can be seen alongside and superimposed with acute inflammation
Name the different cell types that can be seen in chronic inflammation.
Macrophages (giant cells), T and B lymphocytes, eosinophils, fibroblasts/Myofibroblasts.
What are the different functions of macrophages?
Phagocytosis (less well than neutrophils), secretion of numerous substances, antigen presentation, induced fibrosis, and stimulation of angiogenesis.
What is the primary cell of chronic inflammation?
Macrophages
What are macrophages called in the bloodstream?
Monocytes
What is the role of b lymphocytes?
Differentiate to produce plasma cells that create antibodies
What are T lymphocytes involved in?
Control and some cytotoxic functions
What immune responses are eosinophils involved in?
Some tumours, attacking parasites such as worms.
What is the difference between fibroblasts and Myofibroblasts?
Myofibroblasts can contract.
What do fibroblasts produce?
Collagen, elastin, and some glycosaminoglycans
What is a giant cell?
When macrophages fuse together when certain infections are present, are large and contain lots of nuclei
What are the three types of giant cell?
Langerhans giant cell, Foreign body giant cells, Touton giant cells
Name two features of Langerhans giant cells.
Nuclei arranged around periphary of giant cell, often seen in TB.
Name some features of touton giant cells.
Nuclei arranged in a ring towards the centre of the cell, form in lesions with high lipid content
Name some features of foreign body giant cells.
Nuclei arranged randomly, large, if the foering body is phagocytosed it may be seen within it,
Name some of the unwanted effects of chronic inflammation
Fibrosis, impaired function, artophy, stimulation of inapproiate immune response
How can fibrosis lead to impaired function?
Excessive fibrosis can replace parenchymal tissue, and if the area of fibrosis contain Myofibroblasts these can contract and lead to further problems.
Name some conditions where Chornic inflammation results in impaired function
Chronic inflammatory bowel disease, cirrhosis, gastric ulceration.
Name a condition resulting from excessive fibrosis in chronic inflammation
Chornic cholecytosis and gastric ulceration
Where may atrophy be seen as a result of Chornic inflammation
In the gastric mucosa
What are the two different types of inflammatory bowel disease
Ulcerative collitis and crohns disease
What is the difference between ulcerative collitis and crohns disease
Ulcerative collitis is superficial whereas chrons disease in transmural,
How would patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disese present
With diarrhoea, rectal bleeding,
Where may increased function as a result of chonric inflammation be seen?
Thyrotoxocysois (graves disease)
What are some of the causes of cirrhosis?
Infection with HIV and HBV, alcohol and some drugs and toxins
What are some of the features of rheumatoid arthritis?
Autoimmune disease, localised chronic inflammation leads to joint destruction.
What is a Granulomatous infection?
A chornic inflammation with granuloms
How does a granuloma form?
It is how the body deals with poorly soluble or difficult infection, so a granuloma forms around the particle whih can eb free or phagocytose in the centre, and it walls it off and concentrated mononuclear cells with which it hopes to destroy the particle.
What are some of the microscopic features of granulomas?
Contain epitheloid cells, which are cells modified to look like epithelial cells, and have an eospinphilic cytoplasm and appear highly packed together.
What are the two types of granulomas?
Foreign body granulomas and hypersensitivity or immune type granulomas.
How do foreign body granulomas develop?
Around material that is not antigenic such as surgical thread.
What cells do foreign body grnulomas contain?
macrophages, foreign body giant cells, eptholid cells and some fibroblasts.
How do hypersensitivity granulomas develop?
Around insoluble but antigenic particles.
What do hypersensitivity granulomas contain?
macrophages, giant cells, eptholid cells and lymphocytes
Name some grnualmatous infections
Leprosy, syphilis, chornic fungal inefction, xathogranulomatus polynepitiis, sacrodosis and chrons disease
Define chronic inflammation
Chronic response to injury with associated fibrosis
