chronic inflammation

Question 1

inflammation definition

Answer 1

it’s a defensive process against local tissue damage. It involves a complex reaction of blood vessels, plasma components, blood cells, and connective tissue

Question 2

causes of chronic inflammation

Answer 2

1. persistence of infection
2. prolonged exposure to insult
3. auto-immunity

Question 3

how long can chronic inflammation last?

Answer 3

from a few months up to tens of years

Question 4

what characterizes the course of chronic inflammation?

Answer 4

alternating exacerbations and remissions

Question 5

which cells are present in the focus of chronic inflammation?

Answer 5

mononuclear cells such as lymphocytes, plasmocytes, and macrophages. Neutrophils are added during exacerbations.

Question 6

what type of inflammation occurs during chronic inflammation?

Answer 6

productive inflammation, with an exudative reaction added during exacerbations

Question 7

what is essential in chronic inflammation?

Answer 7

the presence of fibrosis

Question 8

which cells play a role in chronic inflammation?

Answer 8

lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, eosinophils, mast cells

Question 9

what are the morphological features of chronic inflammation?

Answer 9

infiltration, tissue destruction, healing

Question 10

which cells are involved in the chronic inflammatory response?

Answer 10

lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells

Question 11

What can macrophages transform into during chronic inflammation?

Answer 11

Epithelioid cells and multinucleated giant cells.

Question 12

general features of chronic inflammatory response

Answer 12

necrosis and attempts and healing

Question 13

necrosis in chronic inflammation

Answer 13

due to cell death in the lesion’s center caused by micro-organisms, endarteritis, and delayed hypersensitivity.

Question 14

What are the attempts at healing in chronic inflammation?

Answer 14

Proliferation of endothelial cells to form blood and lymphatic channels, proliferation of fibroblasts, collagen formation, and accumulation of lymphocytes and plasma cells.

Question 15

Healing after Chronic Inflammation:

Answer 15

1. Replacement of functioning tissue by fibrous tissue (fibrosis)
2. Adhesions in serosal cavities
3. Stricture formation (can obstruct normal flow within passage because of the scar tissue)

Question 16

what is granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 16

an infection that develops when phagocytosis is persistently stimulated

Question 17

what causes granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 17

it develops due to the presence of inherently indigestible material, persistent infection, or chronic stimulation of macrophages

Question 18

what are the main cells involved in granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 18

epithelioid macrophages

Question 19

what can epithelioid macrophages fuse to become?

Answer 19

syncytial multinucleated giant cells, such as langerhans giant cells and foreign body giant cells

Question 20

how are granulomas further subdivided?

Answer 20

according to whether they show necrosis: necrotizing granulomas (TB) and nonnecrotizing granulomas (sarcoidosis)

Question 21

what are the 4 components of granulomatous inflammation?

Answer 21

fibroblasts, lymphocytes, histiocytes, and giant cells

Question 22

what bacterium causes tuberculosis?

Answer 22

Tuberculosis is caused by the tubercle bacillus, usually the hominis strain, but can also be caused by bovis and various atypical mycobacteria.

Question 23

What occurs in the first stage of tuberculosis infection?

Answer 23

The first infection leads to a transient acute inflammatory reaction.

Question 24

What characterizes the early tubercle granuloma in the lung during tuberculosis?

Answer 24

The early tubercle granuloma in the lung contains giant cells, epithelioid cells, lymphocytes, and peripheral fibroblasts.

Question 25

What is a Ghon focus?

Answer 25

A Ghon focus is the formation of several granulomas in the lung during tuberculosis.

Question 26

What is a Ghon complex?

Answer 26

A Ghon complex consists of a subpleural focus in the lung and the development of granulomas in regional lymph nodes.

Question 27

What are the three possible courses of tuberculosis after the development of delayed hypersensitivity?

Answer 27

1. Healing by fibrosis
2. Progression to a chronic form
3. Disseminated tuberculous granulomas throughout the body (miliary spread)

Question 28

What can chronic tuberculosis lead to?

Answer 28

1. Healing, leaving a scar
2. Progression, which may lead to bronchial erosion, cavitation, bronchopneumonia, or miliary spread

Question 29

What bacterium causes syphilis?

Answer 29

Syphilis is caused by the spirochaete Treponema pallidum.

Question 30

What happens during primary syphilis?

Answer 30

1. Initial infection and multiplication at the site of entry.
2. Spirochaetes enter regional lymph nodes.
3. Spirochaetes enter many tissues, multiply, disseminate, and sensitize tissues.
4. A primary sore or chancre forms at the site of entry within 2-4 weeks of initial infection.

Question 31

What are the clinical features of secondary syphilis?

Answer 31

1. Low-grade pyrexia
2. Lymphadenopathy
3. Skin rashes
4. Snail track ulcers

Question 32

What characterizes tertiary syphilis?

Answer 32

1. Gummata - localized lesions most common in the hard palate, liver, and testis.
2. Diffuse lesions occur in the cardiovascular system, nervous system, and skeletal system.