Cellular and extra-cellular injuries and disorders

Question 1

Hyperplasia

Answer 1

increased number of cells/ Enlargement of an organ resulting from proliferation of parenchymal cells.

Question 2

Atrophy –

Answer 2

decreased number and volume of cells/ diminished size of an organ or tissue shrinkage of the parenchymal cells. May be volume atrophy or numeric atrophy.

Question 3

Hypertrophy

Answer 3

increased volume of cells/
Organ or cell enlargement caused by an increase in volume of the individual organ cells with proliferation of their functional substance.

Question 4

Metaplasia –

Answer 4

reversible transformation of a differentiated mature tissue in another type of mature tissue

Question 5

Dysplasia –

Answer 5

a precancerous condition, involving architectural and cytological changes of a tissue

Question 6

Types of Hypertrophy

Answer 6

1. Compensatory hypertrophy results from the increased workload of an organ.
2. Endocrinal hypertrophy results from increased functional load.

Question 7

Diseases Associated with Hypertrophy

Answer 7

1. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
2. Congenital Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

Question 8

Types of Hyperplasia

Answer 8

1. Overload hyperplasia
2. Regenerative hyperplasia
3. Endocrinal hyperplasia

Question 9

Diseases Associated with Hyperplasia

Answer 9

Endometrial Hyperplasia
Prostatic Hyperplasia
Thyroid Hyperplasia
Hyperplasia of the Adrenal Cortex

Question 10

Types of Atrophy:

Answer 10

1. Involutional atrophy
2. Atrophy of disuse
3. Tropho-neurotic atrophy
4. Vascular atrophy
5. Compressive atrophy
6. Endocrine atrophy

Question 11

necrosis stages

Answer 11

Stage I: pre-necrosis: reversible dystrophyc cellular lesions

Stage II: necrobiosis: non-reversible cellular lesions, in which catabolic processes are prevalent to anabolic processes

Stage III: necrosis: the vital activity of the cell as a biological system is disconnected

Stage IV: post-necrosis: disintegration of cell due to its own lysosomal enzymes, triggering an inflammatory response.

Question 12

Types of necrosis

Answer 12

1. Coagulative necrosis is characterized by predominance of protein denaturation and dehydration
2. Liquefactive necrosis is characterized by predominance of hydrolytic breakdown.

Question 13

Coagulative Necrosis

Answer 13

transformation of a completely dead area of tissue into a yellowish, dry, mortar-like mass as a result of the protein precipitation; it occurs in dense parenchymal tissues which lack water or lipids.

Question 14

Liquefactive Necrosis

Answer 14

soft, mushy transformation of an area of dead tissue due to rapid enzymatic dissolution or an alkali burn. It occurs in tissues rich in lipids, such as brain, adipose tissue etc.

Question 15

Forms of liquefactive necrosis

Answer 15

1. Simple fat necrosis: due to hypoxic necrosis or mechanical injury to fat cells, the fat liquefies at body temperature and is released as an oily mass, resulting in formation of oil cysts.
2. Lipolytic fat necrosis: This disorder is due to acute pancreatitis.

Question 16

Healing by First Intention

Answer 16

Where the clean, undamaged edges of the wound are approximated, the wound will close directly without formation of granulation tissue

Question 17

Healing by Second Intention:

Answer 17

Where a tissue defect separates the edges of the wound (such as in a laceration and contusion), a temporary covering of granulation tissue bridges the defect until it is replaced by scar tissue.

Question 18

Cellular adaptations

Answer 18

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Atrophy
Metaplasia
Dysplasia