Chronic illness and disability

Question 1

what is invisible support

Answer 1

someone is folding your laundry but you don’t realize you have clean clothes because you have been busy

Question 2

what is formal care

Answer 2

paid caregiver who is coming to your house to take care of you

Question 3

what is informal care

Answer 3

family and friends give you assistance (more common than formal care)

Question 4

what are the types of social support

Answer 4

emotional support, visible care, invisible support

Question 5

what is emotional support

Answer 5

reassurance and emotional kindness

Question 6

what is visible care

Answer 6

you are aware of someone providing you support

Question 7

what are the effects of receiving social support

Answer 7

• mixed effects on well-being
• reduced self-efficient (if you need support to do things your self-efficient gets affected)

Question 8

what is a chronic disease/illness

Answer 8

a condition that lasts 1+ year and that either requires ongoing medical attention, limits activities of daily living, or both

Question 9

what is a disability

Answer 9

a condition that makes it more difficult to do certain activities (activity limitation) and interact with the world (participation restrictions)

Question 10

what are 3 big categories of effects

Answer 10

1. pain, discomfort, fatigue
2. stressors managing chronic illness
3. anxiety in general surrounding illness/disability

Question 11

what are diabetes

Answer 11

cells need to eat glucose but need insulin to bring it in
- more insulin means more glucose
- occurs most in childhood (increasing evidence of environmental triggers

Question 12

what are type I diabetes

Answer 12

• pancreas produced no insulin
• most often diagnosed in children
• causes by autoimmune disorder/genetics
• symptoms: constant thirst, weight loss, blurred vision, fatigue
• treatment: monitoring blood sugar levels and regular insulin injections or an insulin pump

Question 13

what are type II diabetes

Answer 13

• cells become resistant to insulin and pancreas produces less insulin
• typically diagnosed in adults
• risk factors: high BMI, dietary patterns, physical activity ethnicity
• treatment: monitoring blood glucose level, medication (metformin) or insulin

Question 14

diabetes and ses

Answer 14

• lower ses = worse prognosis for diabetes
• a gap in mortality between the wealthy and poor has widened (due to lack of insurance)
• insurance doesn’t cover all medication

Question 15

myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)

Answer 15

• post-exertional malaise: prolonged muscle weakness after minor exertion
• can be caused by carrying in groceries/walking upstairs
• neurological symptoms: sleep disturbances, headaches, dizziness, cognitive problems

Question 16

ME/CFS - healthcare system

Answer 16

• no known causes/cure
• difficult to diagnose/90% are not diagnosed
• most med schools don’t have training on ME/CFS

Question 17

ME/CFS - PACE trial

Answer 17

• proposed treatments: cognitive therapy (CBT)/graded exercise therapy (GET)
• reduced trust in the medical establishment
  CBT/GET have been treatments for cancer patients where fatigue is a symptom

Question 18

ME/CFS treatment

Answer 18

• pacing or activity management: patients should balance their perceived and expended energy
• similar to the spoon theory (need certain amount of spoons to do a task)

Question 19

stigma and stereotypes

Answer 19

• stereotype: less competent
• blame/responsibility for own condition
• people with disability and chronic illnesses are stigmatized (treated with sympathy/blame)

Question 20

workplace discrimination - disability

Answer 20

• BC Human Rights Code (provincial) and Canadian Human Rights Acts (federal)
• protected from discrimination due to physical or mental disability
• people are not required to disclose disabilities unless they require accommodations

Question 21

workplace discrimination - employment/income statistics

Answer 21

• those with disabilities are less likely to be employed
• more difficulty attending school
• unemployed but actively searching for work
• the unemployment rate is higher for those with disability

Question 22

workplace discrimination - field experiment: hiring discrimination

Answer 22

• 6 different resumes were sent to 6016 accounting positions across the USA
• experience level (low vs. high) and disability
• disability applications received 26% fewer call-backs

Question 23

what are invisible disabilities

Answer 23

• a disability that is not immediately apparent
• more readily receive accommodations, support assistance
• concealment - not given accommodation/judged for using it

Question 24

what is the medical model of disability

Answer 24

disability is due to the impairments in one’s physical body (focuses on curing/managing disability)

Question 25

what is the social model of disability

Answer 25

systemic barriers, stigma/discrimination, and social exclusion lead to impairments in functioning

Question 26

what are universal designs (societal barriers)

Answer 26

designing a product or feature to be usable by as many people as possible regardless of age, disability, or other factors with requiring adaption

Question 27

disability as identity

Answer 27

• disability can be a part of one’s identity
• sometimes viewed as a positive
• self-positivity bias (like things about self)

Question 28

what is the deaf culture

Answer 28

deaf people have own languages, schools, communities, and culture
- children of deaf adults (CODA) are a part of deaf culture/community