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Psych 343 > Addictions > Flashcards

Addictions Flashcards

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1
Q

what are addictions

A
  • a dependency on a substance
  • a behavior that continues despite negative consequences
  • compulsive, out-of-control, and detrimental behavior/substance use
  • a strong harmful need to regularly have something
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2
Q

what is substance dependency

A
  • homeostatic response, an adaptive state based on the body’s motivation to maintain homeostasis
  • people can become dependent on drugs like alcohol, nicotine, opioids, caffeine, THC, etc.
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3
Q

what is develop tolerance

A

need to increase the dosage to experience same effects

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4
Q

what is withdrawal symptoms

A

(negative) symptoms that occur without a typical dose

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5
Q

what are symptoms of dependency

A
  • increased tolerance
  • withdrawal symptoms (insomnia, tremor, mood swings)
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6
Q

what are the symptoms of alcohol abuse/alcoholism/addiction

A
  • problems controlling drinking
  • being preoccupied with alcohol
  • continuing to use alcohol even when it causes problems (social, legal, employment, financial, etc.)
  • signs of alcohol dependency
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7
Q

what are the six options of addiction component model

A
  1. salience (the most important thing in life, cravings)
  2. mood modification
  3. tolerance (requires increasing amounts of activity)
  4. withdrawal symptoms (unpleasant feelings when not engaging in activity)
  5. conflict (negative consequences to life)
  6. relapse (tendency to revert to patterns of excessive engagement)
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8
Q

what are behavioral addiction

A
  • substance-related and addictive disorders - category of DSM-5 currently only lists gambling disorder
  • can include internet gaming disorder, sex, exercise, shopping addiction, etc.
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9
Q

what are the 3 components of the model of addiction

A
  1. old common belief: addiction is a personal choice and more failure
  2. disease model of addiction: addiction as a brain disease
  3. biopsychosocial model of addiction: all of genetic/biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
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10
Q

history of tobacco use

A
  • tobacco used for over 8000 years
  • introduced to Europe in the 1500s
  • cigarettes became very popular in the 1900s in Europe, Canada, and USA
  • tobacco companies gave cigarettes to be included in ration to soldier’s during WWI
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11
Q

global tobacco use

A
  • Indonesia - 2-year-old gained notoriety for smoking
  • net reduction between 2000-2015 of 62 million smokers in HICs
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12
Q

smoking - effects on poverty

A
  • smoking can reinforce wealth inequality and poverty
  • purchasing tobacco can “crowd out” spending on children’s education contributing to intergenerational poverty
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13
Q

what are the health effects of tobacco use

A
  • responsible for approx. 6 million deaths
  • reduces life expectancy by 13-14 years
  • lung cancer is 22 x’s more common among men and 12 x’s more common in women
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14
Q

health effects of smoking while pregnant

A
  • lower birth weight
  • higher risk of preterm birth and miscarriage
  • higher risk of cleft lip, asthma, weaker lungs
  • higher risk of SIDS
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15
Q

risks of second-hand smoke

A
  • higher risk of cancer, heart disease, and respiratory disease
  • exacerbates asthma
  • causes premature death of thousands of non-smokers
  • sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) 3x’s more likely
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16
Q

what are the reasons for tobacco use

A
  • psychological effects of nicotine: tranquilization, weight loss, decreased irritability, increased alertness and improved cognitive functioning
17
Q

addiction model (biological)

A

dopamine reward pathway
- nicotine intake

18
Q

withdrawal symptoms from tobacco

A
  • cigarette cravings, anxiety, depression, fatigue, tremors, insomnia, etc.
19
Q

psychological (affective) - reason for tobacco use

A
  • robust belief among smokers that it relieves stress
  • consumption is higher in experimental, stressful laboratory situations
20
Q

psychological (classical conditioning & habit) - reasons for tobacco use

A
  • unconditioned stimuli (cigarette) -> unconditional response (craving)
  • conditioned stimuli (coffee) -> conditioned response (craving)
21
Q

social factors - reasons for tobacco use

A
  • socially reinforced from peers
  • social activity = feeling of belonging
  • form a social identity of being a smoker
22
Q

vaping - health effects

A
  • vaping has fewer chemicals (nicotine, flavorings, thickening agents)
  • vaping nicotine - just as addictive
  • nicotine increases blood pressure, negative effects on brain development, premature births, etc.
23
Q

vaping - reasons for use

A
  • youth are trying to vape (curiosity, flavors, trying to fit in)
  • the head-rush, buzz was seen as the best part of vaping
24
Q

health belief model

A
  • risk - perceived susceptibility to problem
  • severity - perceived seriousness of consequences of the problem
  • benefits - perceived benefit of specific actions
  • barriers - perceived barriers to taking action
25
Q

history of alcohol

A
  • ethanol - easily produced (consumed since 7000 BC)
  • temperance societies - drinking was the root of many society problems
  • prohibition - US banned alcohol from 1920-1933/Canada temperance act of 1878 (gave local governments option to ban alcohol)
26
Q

single occasion health risk of alcohol

A
  • driving: industrial and household
  • accidents: falls, fires, drowning
  • unwanted pregnancies (HIV/STI)
  • domestic violence/other forms of violence
27
Q

physical health risk of high alcohol consumption

A
  • liver cirrhosis and acute pancreatitis
  • cancer
  • serious conditions leading to death
28
Q

cognitive health risk of high alcohol consumption

A
  • korsakoff’s syndrome (rare)
  • anterograde amnesia - unable to remember new memories
  • general cognitive impairments
29
Q

Alcohol - during pregnancy

A
  • fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
  • poor mental health, smaller birth size
30
Q

genetic factors for alcoholism

A
  • general heritability: based on twin studies (moderate 30-50%)
  • ALDH2/ALDH1 gene affects alcohol metabolism
  • ALDH2*2 allele is most prevalent among east Asians (30-50%)
31
Q

alcoholism - learning model

A
  • gradient of reinforcement (operant conditioning)
  • positive reinforcers (reduction in anxiety) -> negative reinforcers (consequences, hangover)
32
Q

alcoholism - development factors

A

younger the age at the onset of drinking, the higher the likelihood of adult dependency

Psych 343 (5 decks)

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