Addictions Flashcards
1
Q
what are addictions
A
- a dependency on a substance
- a behavior that continues despite negative consequences
- compulsive, out-of-control, and detrimental behavior/substance use
- a strong harmful need to regularly have something
2
Q
what is substance dependency
A
- homeostatic response, an adaptive state based on the body’s motivation to maintain homeostasis
- people can become dependent on drugs like alcohol, nicotine, opioids, caffeine, THC, etc.
3
Q
what is develop tolerance
A
need to increase the dosage to experience same effects
4
Q
what is withdrawal symptoms
A
(negative) symptoms that occur without a typical dose
5
Q
what are symptoms of dependency
A
- increased tolerance
- withdrawal symptoms (insomnia, tremor, mood swings)
6
Q
what are the symptoms of alcohol abuse/alcoholism/addiction
A
- problems controlling drinking
- being preoccupied with alcohol
- continuing to use alcohol even when it causes problems (social, legal, employment, financial, etc.)
- signs of alcohol dependency
7
Q
what are the six options of addiction component model
A
- salience (the most important thing in life, cravings)
- mood modification
- tolerance (requires increasing amounts of activity)
- withdrawal symptoms (unpleasant feelings when not engaging in activity)
- conflict (negative consequences to life)
- relapse (tendency to revert to patterns of excessive engagement)
8
Q
what are behavioral addiction
A
- substance-related and addictive disorders - category of DSM-5 currently only lists gambling disorder
- can include internet gaming disorder, sex, exercise, shopping addiction, etc.
9
Q
what are the 3 components of the model of addiction
A
- old common belief: addiction is a personal choice and more failure
- disease model of addiction: addiction as a brain disease
- biopsychosocial model of addiction: all of genetic/biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
10
Q
history of tobacco use
A
- tobacco used for over 8000 years
- introduced to Europe in the 1500s
- cigarettes became very popular in the 1900s in Europe, Canada, and USA
- tobacco companies gave cigarettes to be included in ration to soldier’s during WWI
11
Q
global tobacco use
A
- Indonesia - 2-year-old gained notoriety for smoking
- net reduction between 2000-2015 of 62 million smokers in HICs
12
Q
smoking - effects on poverty
A
- smoking can reinforce wealth inequality and poverty
- purchasing tobacco can “crowd out” spending on children’s education contributing to intergenerational poverty
13
Q
what are the health effects of tobacco use
A
- responsible for approx. 6 million deaths
- reduces life expectancy by 13-14 years
- lung cancer is 22 x’s more common among men and 12 x’s more common in women
14
Q
health effects of smoking while pregnant
A
- lower birth weight
- higher risk of preterm birth and miscarriage
- higher risk of cleft lip, asthma, weaker lungs
- higher risk of SIDS
15
Q
risks of second-hand smoke
A
- higher risk of cancer, heart disease, and respiratory disease
- exacerbates asthma
- causes premature death of thousands of non-smokers
- sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) 3x’s more likely
16
Q
what are the reasons for tobacco use
A
- psychological effects of nicotine: tranquilization, weight loss, decreased irritability, increased alertness and improved cognitive functioning
17
Q
addiction model (biological)
A
dopamine reward pathway
- nicotine intake
18
Q
withdrawal symptoms from tobacco
A
- cigarette cravings, anxiety, depression, fatigue, tremors, insomnia, etc.
19
Q
psychological (affective) - reason for tobacco use
A
- robust belief among smokers that it relieves stress
- consumption is higher in experimental, stressful laboratory situations
20
Q
psychological (classical conditioning & habit) - reasons for tobacco use
A
- unconditioned stimuli (cigarette) -> unconditional response (craving)
- conditioned stimuli (coffee) -> conditioned response (craving)
21
Q
social factors - reasons for tobacco use
A
- socially reinforced from peers
- social activity = feeling of belonging
- form a social identity of being a smoker
22
Q
vaping - health effects
A
- vaping has fewer chemicals (nicotine, flavorings, thickening agents)
- vaping nicotine - just as addictive
- nicotine increases blood pressure, negative effects on brain development, premature births, etc.
23
Q
vaping - reasons for use
A
- youth are trying to vape (curiosity, flavors, trying to fit in)
- the head-rush, buzz was seen as the best part of vaping
24
Q
health belief model
A
- risk - perceived susceptibility to problem
- severity - perceived seriousness of consequences of the problem
- benefits - perceived benefit of specific actions
- barriers - perceived barriers to taking action
25
history of alcohol
- ethanol - easily produced (consumed since 7000 BC)
- temperance societies - drinking was the root of many society problems
- prohibition - US banned alcohol from 1920-1933/Canada temperance act of 1878 (gave local governments option to ban alcohol)
26
single occasion health risk of alcohol
- driving: industrial and household
- accidents: falls, fires, drowning
- unwanted pregnancies (HIV/STI)
- domestic violence/other forms of violence
27
physical health risk of high alcohol consumption
- liver cirrhosis and acute pancreatitis
- cancer
- serious conditions leading to death
28
cognitive health risk of high alcohol consumption
- korsakoff's syndrome (rare)
- anterograde amnesia - unable to remember new memories
- general cognitive impairments
29
Alcohol - during pregnancy
- fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
- poor mental health, smaller birth size
30
genetic factors for alcoholism
- general heritability: based on twin studies (moderate 30-50%)
- ALDH2/ALDH1 gene affects alcohol metabolism
- ALDH2*2 allele is most prevalent among east Asians (30-50%)
31
alcoholism - learning model
- gradient of reinforcement (operant conditioning)
- positive reinforcers (reduction in anxiety) -> negative reinforcers (consequences, hangover)
32
alcoholism - development factors
younger the age at the onset of drinking, the higher the likelihood of adult dependency
