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CHRONIC CONDITION Flashcards

1
Q

Supports for people living with vision loss * research, public education, and vision health services * rehabilitation therapy for people who are blind or partially sighted * assists with building confidence, skills, and providing opportunities to fully participate in life

A

Vision Loss Rehabilitation Ontario

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2
Q

the third most prevalent chronic condition in older adults and the most widespread disability.

A

Hearing loss

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3
Q

4 major pathological conditions leading to visual impairment in the older adult

A

cataracts,
age related macular degeneration
glaucoma
retinal neuropathy

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4
Q

Often referred as a “Silent Thief”

A

OSTEOPOROSIS

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5
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Reduced bone quality and quantity

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6
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of osteoporosis?

A

Pain, loss of height and kyphosis

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7
Q

What are the assessments used for osteoporosis?

A

fragility fractures and bone mineral density

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8
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

osteoporosis is a bone disease where the loss of bone is faster than the formation of new bone. Imagine your bones as a building that constantly undergoes construction and demolition. In osteoporosis, the demolition (performed by cells called osteoclasts) happens more quickly than the construction (performed by cells called osteoblasts), leading to weaker and more brittle bones. This can increase the risk of fractures and other bone-related problems.

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9
Q

Coomon sites for a fragility fracture

A

Hip, wrist, and spine fracture

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10
Q

impact of osteoporosis

A

Disability,
System cost,
Mortality

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11
Q

Modifiable risk factor of osteoporosis

A
  • Inadequate calcium and vitamin
    D intake
  • Low intake of high-quality
    proteins and inadequate food
    sources of vitamin B12 and folic
    acid
  • Lack of weight-bearing activity
  • Tobacco use
  • Excessive alcohol consumption
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12
Q

Non-modifiable risk factor of osteoporosis

A

Hormonal changes (estrogen) in
women & early menopause
* Small bones
* Increased age
* Certain medications (i.e.
steroids, anti-seizure drugs)
* Osteopenia
* Untreated celiac disease
* Overactive thyroid
* Chemotherapy

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13
Q

Not everyone requires a
Bone Mineral Density…but

A

Those over age 50 and who have
experienced a fragility fracture
Measure height annually
Assess for falls in the past year
Look at other risk factors

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14
Q

Education for OP

A

What is it
* Risk factors
* Safety with
mobility – falls
prevention
* Self- Management
* Provide
resources

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15
Q

Lifestyle
Management for OP

A

Nutrition -Calcium – 500mg
* Vitamin D 400-2000 IU per day depending on severity
* Smoking cessation
* Exercise

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16
Q

Medications for OP

A

Bisphosphonates are first line
* Hormonal therapy but there
are risks

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17
Q

Bisphosphonates

A

slows bone osteoclast

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18
Q

Exercises for OP

A
  • Weight bearing
  • Resistance training
  • Postural training
  • Balance
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19
Q

PAIN MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES For OP

A

Relaxation techniques &
meditation
Gentle massage
Light stretching/strengthening
exercises
Applications of heat and ice
Acupuncture
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve
Stimulation (TENS)
Ultrasound
Pain medication
Bracing or taping for temporary
relief
Physical activity

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20
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

osteoarthritis is a condition that affects the joints, as well as the surrounding muscles, tendons, and ligaments. It’s a type of arthritis characterized by the gradual wearing down of the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of bones in a joint. As this cartilage breaks down over time, it can lead to pain, swelling, and decreased flexibility in the affected joint. Additionally, the changes in the joint can impact the nearby muscles, tendons, and ligaments, causing further discomfort and limitations in movement. Osteoarthritis is commonly associated with aging and wear and tear on the joints, but it can also result from injury or other underlying factors.

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21
Q

Signs and Symptoms of OA

A
  • Joint pain
  • Swelling
  • Stiffness
  • Crepitus
  • Fatigue
  • Sleep problems
  • Mood changes
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22
Q

Assessment for OA

A
  • Physical exam
  • X-rays
  • CT scan
  • MRI
  • Subjective history
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23
Q

OSTEOARTHRITIS – RISK
FACTORS

A

Age (can occur at any age, but likelihood increases with age)
Family history
Gender – women more likely
Obesity
Joint injury (previous accident or injury)
Occupation - Repetitive motion or physically demanding work
Sedentary lifestyle

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24
Q

Lifestyle Management for OA

A

Nutrition – The Eat Well Plate from Canada’s Food Guide; DASH or Mediterranean diet
* Smoking Cessation
* Exercise
* Weight management
* Self management

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25
Medications for OA
Non-Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are first line treatment, but need to be used with caution in the older adult! * May need to consider Tylenol Arthritis as an option
26
EXERCISE FOR OA
1. Neuromuscular Training-Joint remains stable with functional activity 2. Muscle Strengthening * Strengthen the muscles around the affected joints, reduce falls risk, improve function 3. Aerobic Training- Large muscle groups for a sustained period, swimming, cycling, walking
27
best exercise for OA
Hydrotherapy
28
what is CHF?
refers to a condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to a buildup of fluid in the body. The heart's pumping action becomes weakened, and as a result, blood moves through the heart and the body at a slower rate.
29
Age-related changes in cardiac physiology are minimal?
TRUE
30
Signs and Symptoms of CHF
* Increased shortness of breath (dyspnea) especially when lying flat (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea) * Dyspnea at rest or on exertion * Crackles on lung exam * Jugular venous distension * Fatigue * Sudden weight gain * Swelling of feet, ankles, Legs, sacrum, or abdomen (peripheral edema)
31
Assessment for CHF
* Electrocardiogram * Chest x-Ray * Blood tests (clotting times, cholesterol, blood glucose, calcium, fibrinogen) * Echocardiogram with tissue Doppler * Stress test * Coronary angiogram
32
Lifestyle Management for CHF
* Nutrition - Diet (Sodium and Fluid Restriction) * Smoking cessation * Exercise
33
Medications Surgery for CHF
* ACE inhibitors, Beta Blockers, Diuretics, Statins etc. * Cardiac resynchronization therapy, pacemakers
34
ACE inhibitors
help to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure by interfering with the actions of a hormone called angiotensin. They are commonly prescribed for conditions like hypertension (high blood pressure) and certain heart conditions.
35
Beta Blockers
Blocking the effect of some hormones like epinephrine, the heart beats more slowly and Lower Blood Pressure
36
Exercises for CHF
* Aerobic (150mins each week) * Resistance (2-3 x week) * Stretching (daily)
37
DIABETES
is a condition where the level of sugar (glucose) in your blood becomes too high. This happens when your body either doesn't produce enough insulin or doesn't use insulin properly.
38
This occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. when the pancreas is unable to produce insulin
Type 1 Diabetes
39
This is more common and usually develops over time. It happens when the body can't produce enough insulin or doesn't use it effectively.
Type 2 Diabetes
40
excessive urination
* Polyuria
41
excessive hunger
Polyphagia
42
excessive thirst
Polydypsia
43
Signs and Symptoms of diabetes
3 P's * Weight change * Extreme fatigue * Blurred vision * Frequent or recurring infections * Cuts or bruises that are slow to heal * Tingling in hand/feet
44
Assessment of diabetes
* Fasting blood glucose * Random blood glucose * Hemoglobin A1C * Oral glucose tolerance test
45
DIABETES - IMPACT
Significant complications causing mental wellness behavior thus affecting quality of life. * People living with diabetes and depressive disorders are at increased risk for earlier all cause mortality
46
Lifestyle Management for diabetes
* Nutrition: strong support for the use of the Mediterranean & DASH diet * Smoking Cessation * Exercise * Community engagement
47
Medications for diabetes
* Metformin * Monitor cognition re: ability to handle insulin regime * Avoid glyburide (risk of hypoglycemia) * Avoid sliding scale protocols
48
Exercises for diabetes
aerobic training muscle strengthening mindful of complications-neuropathy/retinopathy require modifications
49
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD)
the airways in your lungs become narrower, making it difficult for air to flow in and out. This can lead to symptoms like shortness of breath, chronic cough, and wheezing. Over time, COPD can get worse and make daily activities challenging.
49
the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) become damaged, making them less elastic. This reduces the surface area for oxygen exchange, making it difficult for the person to take in enough air and get rid of carbon dioxide.
Emphysema
50
* Airway irritation, *constriction Productive cough
Chronic Bronchitis
51
Signs and Symptoms of COPD
* Cough that lasts more than three months * A cough with mucus * Feeling short of breath (dyspnea) * Lung infections that last longer then expected * Wheezing * Fatigue * Weight loss
52
Assessment for COPD
* Spirometery (FEV1/FVC ratio below 65%) * Oximetry (Oxygenation saturation of the blood) * Chest X-ray * Blood work or other Scans
53
COPD - IMPACT
Leading cause for hospitalization among chronic diseases -Costly- affecting quality of life * Function and mobility * Exacerbations * Mortality
54
COPD - Lifestyle Management
* Smoking Cessation * Nutrition * Exercise * Vaccination (flu and pneumonia) * Adaptive equipment * Community engagement
55
COPD - Medications MANAGEMENT
* Bronchodilators (Inhalers) and education for use! * Short and long acting therapies * Antibiotics * Steroids (inhaled and oral prednisone)
56
Exercises for COPD
Aerobic training Muscle strengthening Flexibility Postural and Breathing
57
CEREBRAL VASCULAR ATTACK (CVA) – STROKE
commonly known as a stroke, occurs when there is a problem with the blood supply to the brain. Imagine the brain as a control center that needs a constant flow of blood to function properly. If something disrupts this blood flow, like a blocked or burst blood vessel, it can lead to a stroke.
58
Occurs when a blood vessel supplying the brain is blocked by a clot, cutting off blood flow to a specific area.
Ischemic Stroke
59
Happens when a blood vessel bursts, causing bleeding in the brain and reducing blood flow to certain regions.
Hemorrhagic Stroke
60
temporary interruption in blood flow due to an ischemia
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
61
MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS of CVA
Diet * Unhealthy weight * Physical Inactivity * Smoking * Excessive alcohol and drug abuse * Stress
62
NON-MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS of CVA
* Other comorbidities (hypertension, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, high cholesterol) * Genetics * Age * Male – younger, female older * Ethnicity (Indigenous, South Asian or African)
63
SIGNS OF STROKE – HEART AND STROKE FOUNDATION
ACT FAST Facial droop Arm cant raise Speeech is slurred Time
64
CVA Lifestyle Management
* Nutrition – strong support for the use of the Mediterranean & DASH diet * Smoking Cessation * Exercise * Community engagement
65
EXERCISES FOR CVA
Aerobic training Strength training Balance Flexibility
66
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
a neurological disorder that affects movement. It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain that produce a chemical called dopamine. Dopamine is crucial for coordinating smooth and controlled movements.
67
What is the important neurotransmitter implicated in Parkinson’s Disease?
DOPAMINE
68
* Signs and Symptoms of Parkinson's disease
T-TREMOR R-RIGIDITY A- AKINESIA P-POSTURAL CHANGES
69
Feels like feet are “glued” to the floor
FREEZING EPISODES
70
PARKINSON’S DISEASE - Lifestyle Management
* Smoking Cessation * Nutrition – no special diet, but Vitamin D * Exercise * Adaptive equipment * Community engagement
71
PARKINSON Medications & Special Therapies’S DISEASE - MANAGEMENT
* Anti- Parkinson’s drugs (i.e. Dopamine (levodopa/Sinemet) is the gold standard) * Deep brain stimulation * Continuous medication delivery
72
EXERCISES FOR PARKINSONS
AEROBIC TRAINING MUSCLE STRENGTHENING FLEXIBILITY COORDINATION AND BALANCE SPEECH AND FACIAL EXERCISES POSTURE

AGING POPULATION (6 decks)

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