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AGING POPULATION > CHRONIC CONDITION > Flashcards

CHRONIC CONDITION Flashcards

1
Q

Supports for people living with vision loss * research, public education, and vision health services * rehabilitation therapy for people who are blind or partially sighted * assists with building confidence, skills, and providing opportunities to fully participate in life

A

Vision Loss Rehabilitation Ontario

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2
Q

the third most prevalent chronic condition in older adults and the most widespread disability.

A

Hearing loss

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3
Q

4 major pathological conditions leading to visual impairment in the older adult

A

cataracts,
age related macular degeneration
glaucoma
retinal neuropathy

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4
Q

Often referred as a “Silent Thief”

A

OSTEOPOROSIS

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5
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Reduced bone quality and quantity

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6
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of osteoporosis?

A

Pain, loss of height and kyphosis

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7
Q

What are the assessments used for osteoporosis?

A

fragility fractures and bone mineral density

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8
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

osteoporosis is a bone disease where the loss of bone is faster than the formation of new bone. Imagine your bones as a building that constantly undergoes construction and demolition. In osteoporosis, the demolition (performed by cells called osteoclasts) happens more quickly than the construction (performed by cells called osteoblasts), leading to weaker and more brittle bones. This can increase the risk of fractures and other bone-related problems.

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9
Q

Coomon sites for a fragility fracture

A

Hip, wrist, and spine fracture

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10
Q

impact of osteoporosis

A

Disability,
System cost,
Mortality

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11
Q

Modifiable risk factor of osteoporosis

A
  • Inadequate calcium and vitamin
    D intake
  • Low intake of high-quality
    proteins and inadequate food
    sources of vitamin B12 and folic
    acid
  • Lack of weight-bearing activity
  • Tobacco use
  • Excessive alcohol consumption
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12
Q

Non-modifiable risk factor of osteoporosis

A

Hormonal changes (estrogen) in
women & early menopause
* Small bones
* Increased age
* Certain medications (i.e.
steroids, anti-seizure drugs)
* Osteopenia
* Untreated celiac disease
* Overactive thyroid
* Chemotherapy

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13
Q

Not everyone requires a
Bone Mineral Density…but

A

Those over age 50 and who have
experienced a fragility fracture
Measure height annually
Assess for falls in the past year
Look at other risk factors

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14
Q

Education for OP

A

What is it
* Risk factors
* Safety with
mobility – falls
prevention
* Self- Management
* Provide
resources

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15
Q

Lifestyle
Management for OP

A

Nutrition -Calcium – 500mg
* Vitamin D 400-2000 IU per day depending on severity
* Smoking cessation
* Exercise

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16
Q

Medications for OP

A

Bisphosphonates are first line
* Hormonal therapy but there
are risks

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17
Q

Bisphosphonates

A

slows bone osteoclast

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18
Q

Exercises for OP

A
  • Weight bearing
  • Resistance training
  • Postural training
  • Balance
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19
Q

PAIN MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES For OP

A

Relaxation techniques &
meditation
Gentle massage
Light stretching/strengthening
exercises
Applications of heat and ice
Acupuncture
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve
Stimulation (TENS)
Ultrasound
Pain medication
Bracing or taping for temporary
relief
Physical activity

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20
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

osteoarthritis is a condition that affects the joints, as well as the surrounding muscles, tendons, and ligaments. It’s a type of arthritis characterized by the gradual wearing down of the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of bones in a joint. As this cartilage breaks down over time, it can lead to pain, swelling, and decreased flexibility in the affected joint. Additionally, the changes in the joint can impact the nearby muscles, tendons, and ligaments, causing further discomfort and limitations in movement. Osteoarthritis is commonly associated with aging and wear and tear on the joints, but it can also result from injury or other underlying factors.

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21
Q

Signs and Symptoms of OA

A
  • Joint pain
  • Swelling
  • Stiffness
  • Crepitus
  • Fatigue
  • Sleep problems
  • Mood changes
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22
Q

Assessment for OA

A
  • Physical exam
  • X-rays
  • CT scan
  • MRI
  • Subjective history
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23
Q

OSTEOARTHRITIS – RISK
FACTORS

A

Age (can occur at any age, but likelihood increases with age)
Family history
Gender – women more likely
Obesity
Joint injury (previous accident or injury)
Occupation - Repetitive motion or physically demanding work
Sedentary lifestyle

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24
Q

Lifestyle Management for OA

A

Nutrition – The Eat Well Plate from Canada’s Food Guide; DASH or Mediterranean diet
* Smoking Cessation
* Exercise
* Weight management
* Self management

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25
Q

Medications for OA

A

Non-Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are first line
treatment, but need to be used
with caution in the older adult!
* May need to consider Tylenol
Arthritis as an option

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26
Q

EXERCISE FOR OA

A
  1. Neuromuscular Training-Joint remains stable with functional activity
  2. Muscle Strengthening * Strengthen the muscles around the
    affected joints, reduce falls risk,
    improve function
  3. Aerobic Training- Large muscle groups for a sustained period, swimming, cycling, walking
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27
Q

best exercise for OA

A

Hydrotherapy

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28
Q

what is CHF?

A

refers to a condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively, leading to a buildup of fluid in the body. The heart’s pumping action becomes weakened, and as a result, blood moves through the heart and the body at a slower rate.

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29
Q

Age-related changes in
cardiac physiology are
minimal?

A

TRUE

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30
Q

Signs and Symptoms of CHF

A
  • Increased shortness of breath (dyspnea) especially when lying flat (paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea)
  • Dyspnea at rest or on exertion
  • Crackles on lung exam
  • Jugular venous distension
  • Fatigue
  • Sudden weight gain
  • Swelling of feet, ankles, Legs, sacrum, or abdomen (peripheral
    edema)
31
Q

Assessment for CHF

A
  • Electrocardiogram
  • Chest x-Ray
  • Blood tests (clotting times, cholesterol, blood glucose, calcium,
    fibrinogen)
  • Echocardiogram with tissue Doppler
  • Stress test
  • Coronary angiogram
32
Q

Lifestyle Management for CHF

A
  • Nutrition - Diet (Sodium and Fluid
    Restriction)
  • Smoking cessation
  • Exercise
33
Q

Medications Surgery for CHF

A
  • ACE inhibitors, Beta Blockers,
    Diuretics, Statins etc.
  • Cardiac resynchronization
    therapy, pacemakers
34
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

help to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure by interfering with the actions of a hormone called angiotensin. They are commonly prescribed for conditions like hypertension (high blood pressure) and certain heart conditions.

35
Q

Beta Blockers

A

Blocking the effect of some hormones like epinephrine, the heart beats more slowly and Lower Blood Pressure

36
Q

Exercises for CHF

A
  • Aerobic (150mins each week)
  • Resistance (2-3 x week)
  • Stretching (daily)
37
Q

DIABETES

A

is a condition where the level of sugar (glucose) in your blood becomes too high. This happens when your body either doesn’t produce enough insulin or doesn’t use insulin properly.

38
Q

This occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. when the
pancreas is unable to
produce insulin

A

Type 1 Diabetes

39
Q

This is more common and usually develops over time. It happens when the body can’t produce enough insulin or doesn’t use it effectively.

A

Type 2 Diabetes

40
Q

excessive urination

A
  • Polyuria
41
Q

excessive hunger

A

Polyphagia

42
Q

excessive thirst

A

Polydypsia

43
Q

Signs and Symptoms of diabetes

A

3 P’s
* Weight change
* Extreme fatigue
* Blurred vision
* Frequent or recurring infections
* Cuts or bruises that are slow to heal
* Tingling in hand/feet

44
Q

Assessment of diabetes

A
  • Fasting blood glucose
  • Random blood glucose
  • Hemoglobin A1C
  • Oral glucose tolerance test
45
Q

DIABETES - IMPACT

A

Significant complications causing mental wellness behavior thus affecting quality of life. *

People living with diabetes
and depressive disorders
are at increased risk for
earlier all cause mortality

46
Q

Lifestyle
Management for diabetes

A
  • Nutrition: strong support for the use of the Mediterranean & DASH diet
  • Smoking Cessation
  • Exercise
  • Community engagement
47
Q

Medications for diabetes

A
  • Metformin
  • Monitor cognition re: ability to handle insulin regime
  • Avoid glyburide (risk of hypoglycemia)
  • Avoid sliding scale protocols
48
Q

Exercises for diabetes

A

aerobic training
muscle strengthening

mindful of complications-neuropathy/retinopathy require modifications

49
Q

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASE
(COPD)

A

the airways in your lungs become narrower, making it difficult for air to flow in and out. This can lead to symptoms like shortness of breath, chronic cough, and wheezing. Over time, COPD can get worse and make daily activities challenging.

49
Q

the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) become damaged, making them less elastic. This reduces the surface area for oxygen exchange, making it difficult for the person to take in enough air and get rid of carbon dioxide.

A

Emphysema

50
Q
  • Airway irritation,
    *constriction Productive cough
A

Chronic
Bronchitis

51
Q

Signs and Symptoms of COPD

A
  • Cough that lasts more than three months
  • A cough with mucus
  • Feeling short of breath (dyspnea)
  • Lung infections that last longer then expected
  • Wheezing
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
52
Q

Assessment for COPD

A
  • Spirometery (FEV1/FVC ratio below 65%)
  • Oximetry (Oxygenation
    saturation of the blood)
  • Chest X-ray
  • Blood work or other Scans
53
Q

COPD - IMPACT

A

Leading cause for hospitalization
among chronic diseases -Costly- affecting quality of life
* Function and mobility
* Exacerbations
* Mortality

54
Q

COPD - Lifestyle
Management

A
  • Smoking Cessation
  • Nutrition
  • Exercise
  • Vaccination (flu and pneumonia)
  • Adaptive equipment
  • Community engagement
55
Q

COPD - Medications MANAGEMENT

A
  • Bronchodilators (Inhalers) and education for use!
  • Short and long acting therapies
  • Antibiotics
  • Steroids (inhaled and oral prednisone)
56
Q

Exercises for COPD

A

Aerobic training
Muscle strengthening
Flexibility
Postural and Breathing

57
Q

CEREBRAL VASCULAR
ATTACK (CVA) – STROKE

A

commonly known as a stroke, occurs when there is a problem with the blood supply to the brain. Imagine the brain as a control center that needs a constant flow of blood to function properly. If something disrupts this blood flow, like a blocked or burst blood vessel, it can lead to a stroke.

58
Q

Occurs when a blood vessel supplying the brain is blocked by a clot, cutting off blood flow to a specific area.

A

Ischemic Stroke

59
Q

Happens when a blood vessel bursts, causing bleeding in the brain and reducing blood flow to certain regions.

A

Hemorrhagic Stroke

60
Q

temporary interruption in blood flow due to an ischemia

A

Transient
Ischemic Attack
(TIA)

61
Q

MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS of CVA

A

Diet
* Unhealthy weight
* Physical Inactivity
* Smoking
* Excessive alcohol and drug
abuse
* Stress

62
Q

NON-MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS of CVA

A
  • Other comorbidities
    (hypertension, atrial
    fibrillation, diabetes, high
    cholesterol)
  • Genetics
  • Age
  • Male – younger, female older
  • Ethnicity (Indigenous, South
    Asian or African)
63
Q

SIGNS OF STROKE – HEART AND
STROKE FOUNDATION

A

ACT FAST

Facial droop
Arm cant raise
Speeech is slurred
Time

64
Q

CVA Lifestyle Management

A
  • Nutrition –
    strong support
    for the use of
    the
    Mediterranean &
    DASH diet
  • Smoking
    Cessation
  • Exercise
  • Community
    engagement
65
Q

EXERCISES FOR CVA

A

Aerobic training
Strength training
Balance
Flexibility

66
Q

PARKINSON’S DISEASE

A

a neurological disorder that affects movement. It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain that produce a chemical called dopamine. Dopamine is crucial for coordinating smooth and controlled movements.

67
Q

What is the
important
neurotransmitter
implicated in
Parkinson’s
Disease?

A

DOPAMINE

68
Q
  • Signs and
    Symptoms of Parkinson’s disease
A

T-TREMOR
R-RIGIDITY
A- AKINESIA
P-POSTURAL CHANGES

69
Q

Feels like feet are
“glued” to the floor

A

FREEZING EPISODES

70
Q

PARKINSON’S DISEASE -
Lifestyle Management

A
  • Smoking Cessation
  • Nutrition – no special diet, but Vitamin D
  • Exercise
  • Adaptive equipment
  • Community engagement
71
Q

PARKINSON Medications &
Special Therapies’S DISEASE -
MANAGEMENT

A
  • Anti- Parkinson’s
    drugs (i.e.
    Dopamine
    (levodopa/Sinemet)
    is the gold
    standard)
  • Deep brain
    stimulation
  • Continuous
    medication delivery
72
Q

EXERCISES FOR PARKINSONS

A

AEROBIC TRAINING
MUSCLE STRENGTHENING
FLEXIBILITY
COORDINATION AND BALANCE
SPEECH AND FACIAL EXERCISES
POSTURE

AGING POPULATION (6 decks)

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