Chronic Adaptations

Question 1

The S.A.I.D principle

Answer 1

Specific adaptation imposed demands.

Adaptations occur in the area which is targeted by training

Question 2

Aerobic cardiovascular adaptations

Answer 2

Cardiac hyper trophy of the left ventricle
Increased capillarisation
Increased heamoglobin
Increased stroke volume
Increased blood flow increase in avo2 diff
Decreased resting heart rate
Increase in cardiac output at max intensities
Allow the body to carry, transport, pump more oxygenated blood to the working muscles

Question 3

Aerobic respiratory adaptations

Answer 3

Increased tidal volume
Increased alveolar-capillary diffusion
Increased ventilation 
Increased vo2 Max 
Decreased respiratory rate
Allow greater uptake of oxygen

Question 4

Aerobic muscular adaptations

Answer 4

Increased capillary density
Increase in size number and surface area of mitochondria
Increase in myoglobin
Increase in oxidative enzymes (facilitate buffering of h+ and breakdown of lactate)
Increase in glycogen stores
Increase in triglyceride stores
Increase in ATP stores
Increase in slow twitch muscle fibres
Allow the muscles to better uptake and utilise oxygen for aerobic glycolysis to delay the use of fatiguing anaerobic energy systems.

Question 5

Anaerobic cardiovascular adaptations

Answer 5

Cardiac hypertrophy thickens the wall of the lest ventricle

This increases the force of the left ventricle contraction

Question 6

Anaerobic muscular adaptations

Answer 6

Hypertrophy of type 2 fibres, increase in muscle size
Increase in glycogen stores
Increase in ATP stores
Increase in glycolytic enzymes, Atpase (increase speed at which glucose can be broken down)
Increased motor unit recruitment, motor neural connections. Stronger and faster messages from muscle to brain
Increase in number and size of myofibrils.
These adaptations combine to allow the muscles to perform faster more powerful muscular contractions for longer

Question 7

Adaptations combining to increase oxygen uptake

Answer 7

Vo2 Max is much higher because of changes which increase delivery;
Increased heamoglobin,myoglobin, increased capillarisation
Increase oxygen extraction;
Increased diffusion,
And an increase in the rate it is used
Oxidative enzymes, mitochondria
These combine allow an athlete to work at higher levels aerobically

Question 8

Adaptations combining to delay lactate inflection point

Answer 8

Increase in glycogen stores increased oxygen transported and utilised allow for the body to rely less on energy systems producing lactate at higher intensities. Lactate that is produced can be quickly broken down through increased mitochondria.
Due to oxygen being more readily available and a larger number of mitochondria more energy is produced through aerobic means and allow lactate to be converted into pyruvic acid through the kreb’s cycle . More mitochondria means more ATP synthesis and lactate breakdown occur at a faster rate. Due to faster rate of lactate removal, there can be a greater rate of lactate production before the l.i.p is reached. Therefore aerobic athletes can sustain higher speeds for longer

Question 9

Combining adaptations to increase avo2 diff

Answer 9

Indicates that the muscles are extracting more oxygen.
This is due to greater oxygen delivery due to increased heamoglobin, capillarisation. At a muscular level increased mitochondria density means more oxygen can be utilised by muscular cell while increased myoglobin increases ammount of oxygen which can be brought from the blood stream to the muscle cell

Question 10

Altitude training

Answer 10

Increases production of heamoglobin

Question 11

Glycogen sparing

Answer 11

Through aerobic training an athlete is able to utilise the breakdown of triglycerides to provide energy before use glycogen stores.
The breakdown of fats requires more oxygen and takes longer but provides more energy than glycogen. Due to increased oxygen uptake to the muscles and increase in mitochondria the athlete is able utilise triglycerides for fuel at low intensities. This saves the easier to breakdown glycogen for periods where the athlete may experience a surge in intensity resulting in less oxygen being available and energy being needed at a faster rate