Chromosomes, genes, DNA, RNA & proteins Flashcards
be able to lable, DNA, genes, chromosomes , nucleas, nucleotide, organisim.
What are chromomses? where are they found in the cell
Chromosomes are tightly coiled , organised pieces of DNA found in the nucleas of the cell.
They contain the genetic information necessary for cell function, growth, and reproduction
What are genes? what are they made of. what do they code for ?
- Genes are segments of DNA that contain instructions for building proteins,
- Genes are made of a molecule called DNA
. - Each “letter” in DNA represents one of four chemicals: A (adenine), T (thymine), C (cytosine), or G (guanine).
- These letters form the genetic code.
which are the blue print of telling our body how to grow.
what is the differnce between a gene and genome
A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein.
A genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes
what is the function of DNA? describe its structure, what holds the two strands together?
In simple terms, DNA contains the instructions for making proteins which code for traits.
DNA carries genetic instructions that determine traits and characteristics, guiding the growth, development, and functioning of living organisms.
DNA carries genetic instructions for cell function, growth, and reproduction. It’s a double helix structure made of nucleotides (A, T, C, G). Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases (A-T, C-G) hold the two strands together.
DNA is a double-stranded molecule.
Portions of DNA are called genes.
DNA is tightly wound into chromosomes and located in the nucleus of cells.
Each DNA strand is made from a very long chain of nucleotides.
When two strands of DNA are twisted together, it forms a basic shape called a double helix.
what is a nucleotide? name the three components of an nucleotide
A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. It consists of three components: a phosphate group, deoxubase sugar and a nitrogenous base.
A nucleotide is made up of a nitrogen base (AT,CG) or ( denine, guanine, uracil, and cytosine in RNA).
What is the base paring rule ?
adenine will always pair with its complement thymine and cytosine will always pair with its complement guanine.
work out the sequence of the complemnetry DNA strand
Starting on the left, read the first letter in the DNA sequence and write down the complementary base. The first base in this sequence is “A”, which pairs with “T”, so the first letter in our complementary sequence will be “T”. Step 2: Continue from left to right until the complementary sequence is complete
What is the main function of RNA? describe its structure.
To read the DNA code, copy it and take the information out of the nucleus.
To make proteins at the ribosomes !
Is single-stranded and does not have to stay in the nucleus.
what are simmalrites and diffrences between RNA and DNA
RNA
Can leave the nucleus to make a protein
Contains Uracil
Single stranded
Ribose sugar
DNA
Can NOT leave the nucleus
Contains Thymine
Double stranded
Deoxyribose sugar
simalarities.
RNA and DNA are both types of genetic material made of similar building blocks called nucleotides. They share three common bases: adenine, cytosine, and guanine
what are proteins? what function do they have in the cell.
Proteins are complex molecules made of amino acids. They have diverse roles in cells, including structure, enzymatic activity, signaling, and transportation of molecules. In essence, proteins are essential for almost every biological process in the cell.
whata re steps required to producea protein from DNA
Transcription in the nucleus
DNA → RNA
Translation in the ribosome
RNA → Protein (chain of amino acids)
