Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FHMP YEAR 1 > CHROMOSOMES, GENES AND THE CELL CYCLE > Flashcards

CHROMOSOMES, GENES AND THE CELL CYCLE Flashcards

1
Q

how is human DNA packaged?

A
  • into chromosomes within cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a karyogram?

A

chromosomal constitution of a cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

human karyogram constitution?

A

44 autosomes (22 pairs) and 2 sex chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe the organisation of DNA

A
  • made up of deoxyribose, phosphate, nitrogenous base
  • double stranded, each complementary
  • 5’ end = end of DNA or RNA chain, has phosphate attached to 5’ carbon
  • 3’ end allows for synthesis of nucleic acid
  • double helix shape
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a gene?

A

all DNA sequences necessary to produce polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is gene expression?

A

process by which sequence of bases in gene is converted to amino acid sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

differences between DNA and RNA?

A
  • RNA has uracil instead of thymine
  • sugar is RNA is ribose not deoxyribose
  • RNA is usually single stranded, DNA is double stranded
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how is DNA arranged?

A
  • double helix
  • wrapped around nucleosomes, made up of core histones and link DNA
  • twists around itself to form chromatic fibres
  • loops around protein = scaffold
  • chromatin fibre around scaffold loops around further to form chromosome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are core histones?

A

histones can be associated with high conc of salt to form octameric histone core (histone proteins made of 8 subunits). these core histones are made of separate proteins; H2A,H2B, H3 and H4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the functions of chromosomes?

A
  • dense packaging of DNA
  • allows and coordinates DNA replication
  • allows for correct division copies in mitosis
  • allows recombination and correct independent assortment during meiosis
  • allows for coordinated gene expression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

one chromosome from mother one from father. have same genes at same loci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sister chromatids

A

copy of the chromosome made during mitosis. when chromosomes doubled and joined at centromere = sister chromatids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

haploid

A

gametes; contain one pair homo chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

telomeres

A

protective caps on chromosome ends consisting of 5-8bp tenderly repeating GC rich DNA sequences, prevent chromosomes fusing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

telomerase

A

maintains telomere length in germ line cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

X-inactivation

A

one of the X chromosomes in females is inactivated for balanced gene expression. happens during development at blastocyte stage

17
Q

G0 phase

A

cell left cell cycle and stops dividing.

18
Q

interphase

A

changes take place in newly formed cells and its nucleus.

G1/S/G2

most of cell cycle

19
Q

G1

A

increase proteins and organelles

20
Q

S phase

A

synthesis. DNA doubled / DNA replicated.

21
Q

G2 phase

A

period of protein synthesis and rapid cell growth

22
Q

mitotic phase

A

nuclear division / karyokinesis.

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

23
Q

cytokinesis

A

after mitosis, nuclei/cytoplasm divides

24
Q

mitochondria

A
  • oxidative phosphorylation
  • cells have 200-100,000 mitochondria
  • have own DNA, mostly coding
25
Q

what is an All sequence?

A

about 300bp in length, repeated 300,000 times in genome, found adjacent to or within genes in introns or non-translated regions

26
Q

what % of genome is single copy DNA ?

A

49.

includes most genes

27
Q

what % of genome is repetitive interspersed DNA?

A

48.

Includes All sequences and VNTRs or mini micro satellites

28
Q

what % genome is repetitive tandem (satellite) DNA?

A
  1. Highly repeated, low complexity sequences usually located in centromeres and telomeres.
29
Q

genetic locus

A

specific position or location on chromosome

30
Q

allele

A

one of alternative versions of DNA nucleotide sequence

31
Q

diploid

A

having maternal and paternal homo chromosomes

32
Q

homozygous

A

same alleles at genetic locus

33
Q

heterozygous

A

different alleles at genetic locus

FHMP YEAR 1 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions