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Bio 124 Exam 3 Material > Chromosomes, Cell Cycle, and Mitosis > Flashcards

Chromosomes, Cell Cycle, and Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

The continuity of life is based on the reproduction of what?

A

Cells, or cell division

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2
Q

What is a genome?

A

Genetic material of a cell

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3
Q

Describe a prokaryotic cell genome.

A

Single DNA molecule

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4
Q

Describe a eukaryotic cell genome.

A

Number of DNA molecules

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5
Q

Where are bacterial chromosomes located?

A

Nucleoid

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6
Q

What shape are bacterial chromosomes? How many?

A

Usually one circular chromosome

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7
Q

What is the role of proteins in chromosomes?

A

Hold the chromosome in place/ keep compacted

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8
Q

Where are eukaryotic chromosomes located?

A

Nucleus

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9
Q

What shape are eukaryotic chromosomes? How many?

A

Vary in number- a few to 100s in a linear shape

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10
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

(Nonreproductive cells) have two sets of chromosomes

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11
Q

What are gametes?

A

(Reproductive cells: sperm and egg) have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells= one set

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12
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

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13
Q

Each pair of homologous chromosomes includes _____ ______ _______ _______

A

One from each parent

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14
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

Ordered display of pairs of chromosomes from a cell

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15
Q

What are homologous chromosomes or homologs?

A

The two chromosomes in each pair

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16
Q

What are sex chromosomes? Where are they located?

A

X and Y, determine the sex of the individual. Located on the 23rd chromosome pair

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17
Q

What are autosomes?

A

remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes

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18
Q

What is a diploid cell? What is its symbol?

A

2 sets of chromosomes (2n)

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19
Q

What is the diploid number in humans?

A

46 (2n=46)

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20
Q

A gamete (sperm or egg) contains a single set of chromosomes and is thus a _____ _______

A

Haploid cell

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21
Q

An unfertilized egg (ovum) has a ___ chromosome and a sperm cell carries a ___ or ___ chromosome.

A

X

X or Y

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22
Q

A duplicated chromosome is known as what?

A

Sister chromatid

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23
Q

What is the centromere?

A

Narrowing in center of chromosomes

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24
Q

What are non-sister chromatids?

A

One chromosome from each homologous pair that are NOT identical

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25
What is the first level of chromatin packing?
Nucleosome (10 nm in diameter)
26
What is the protein wrapped within the chromatin?
Histone
27
What is a chromatin?
DNA combined with a protein
28
What is the second level of chromatin packing? Describe the structure
30 nm fiber | More densely packed than 10 nm nucleosomes
29
What is the third level of chromtin packing?
Looped domain and scaffold
30
In what phase are most chromatin loosely packed in the nucleus?
Interphase
31
What is euchromatin?
Loosely packed chromatin (10-nm fiber)
32
What is heterochromatin?
Highly condensed regions of chromatin, centromeres and telomeres
33
If the chromatin is more condensed what does this mean for gene expression?
More difficult
34
In preperation for cell division, DNA is _______ and chromosomes _________.
Replicated | Condensed
35
What are cohesins?
Proteins that allow the chromosomes to stick together
36
How does bacteria preform cell division?
Binary fission
37
How does eukaryotic cells preform cell division?
Mitosis
38
What is the order of bacterial binary fission? (4)
1. Chromosomes begin to replicate 2. One copy of origin is now at each end of the cell (pulling toward edge) 3. Replication finishes 4. Two daughter cells result
39
Why do multicellular eukaryotes preform cell division? (3)
1. Development from a fertilized egg 2. Growth 3. Repair
40
Most cell division reults in ___ ____ ____ with identical genetic information.
Two daughter cells
41
What is the result of meiosis? (2)
1. Special type of division that can produce sperm and egg cells 2. Yields nonidnetical daughter cells (n) that have half as many chromosomes as partent cells
42
What occurs in the Mitotic (M) phase
Cell division
43
What occurs in Interphase?
Cell growth and copying of chromosomes
44
What is the longest phase of cell division?
Interphase makes up 90% of the cell cycle
45
What is mitosis?
Division of genetic material in nucleus
46
What is cytokinesis?
Division of cytoplasm
47
What occurs in the G1 phase?
"First gap" metabolic growth, organelles growth, cell growth
48
What occurs in the S phase?
DNA replication
49
What occurs in the G2 phase?
"Second gap" last step of mitosis, checking for errors in DNA replication, organelles replicated
50
Define mitosis.
Transfer of genetic material
51
What are the five stages of mitosis?
1. Prophase 2. Prometaphase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase
52
What is the role of the nucleolus?
rRNA production
53
What is the centrosome?
Only in animal cells, microtubule-organizing center | Duplicated during G2
54
What occurs during prophase?
Chromosomes start to condense and centrosomes move to poles and microtubules extend
55
What is aster?
Radial array of short microtubules; extends from each centrosome
56
What is the mitotic spindle?
Stricture made of microtubules that controls the chromosome movement during mitosis
57
What makes up the mitotic spindle? (3)
Centrosomes, spindle microtubules, and asters
58
When does the nuclear envelope start to break down?
Prometaphase
59
What are kinetochores?
Protein complex associated with centromeres (attach to chromosomes)
60
What is the centromere?
Where daughter chromosomes are connected
61
What is the metaphase plate?
Chromosomes lined up at a plane midway between the spindle's two poles
62
What are nonkinteochore microtubules?
Microtubules that do not attach to the chromosomes at the kinetochore.
63
What is separase?
Enzyme that cleves cohesins
64
What is the role of motor proteins?
Involves movement and the depolymerization of microtubules
65
What are the main two differences in plant and animal cell division?
1. No centrioles (centrosomes) | 2. Difference in cytokinesis
66
What structure is formed during cytokinesis in animal cells? Plant cells?
``` Cleavage furrow (animal) Cell plate (plant) ```

Bio 124 Exam 3 Material (4 decks)

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