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Bio 124 Exam 3 Material > Chromosomes, Cell Cycle, and Mitosis > Flashcards

Chromosomes, Cell Cycle, and Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

The continuity of life is based on the reproduction of what?

A

Cells, or cell division

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2
Q

What is a genome?

A

Genetic material of a cell

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3
Q

Describe a prokaryotic cell genome.

A

Single DNA molecule

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4
Q

Describe a eukaryotic cell genome.

A

Number of DNA molecules

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5
Q

Where are bacterial chromosomes located?

A

Nucleoid

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6
Q

What shape are bacterial chromosomes? How many?

A

Usually one circular chromosome

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7
Q

What is the role of proteins in chromosomes?

A

Hold the chromosome in place/ keep compacted

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8
Q

Where are eukaryotic chromosomes located?

A

Nucleus

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9
Q

What shape are eukaryotic chromosomes? How many?

A

Vary in number- a few to 100s in a linear shape

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10
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

(Nonreproductive cells) have two sets of chromosomes

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11
Q

What are gametes?

A

(Reproductive cells: sperm and egg) have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells= one set

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12
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

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13
Q

Each pair of homologous chromosomes includes _____ ______ _______ _______

A

One from each parent

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14
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

Ordered display of pairs of chromosomes from a cell

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15
Q

What are homologous chromosomes or homologs?

A

The two chromosomes in each pair

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16
Q

What are sex chromosomes? Where are they located?

A

X and Y, determine the sex of the individual. Located on the 23rd chromosome pair

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17
Q

What are autosomes?

A

remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes

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18
Q

What is a diploid cell? What is its symbol?

A

2 sets of chromosomes (2n)

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19
Q

What is the diploid number in humans?

A

46 (2n=46)

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20
Q

A gamete (sperm or egg) contains a single set of chromosomes and is thus a _____ _______

A

Haploid cell

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21
Q

An unfertilized egg (ovum) has a ___ chromosome and a sperm cell carries a ___ or ___ chromosome.

A

X

X or Y

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22
Q

A duplicated chromosome is known as what?

A

Sister chromatid

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23
Q

What is the centromere?

A

Narrowing in center of chromosomes

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24
Q

What are non-sister chromatids?

A

One chromosome from each homologous pair that are NOT identical

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25
Q

What is the first level of chromatin packing?

A

Nucleosome (10 nm in diameter)

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26
Q

What is the protein wrapped within the chromatin?

A

Histone

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27
Q

What is a chromatin?

A

DNA combined with a protein

28
Q

What is the second level of chromatin packing? Describe the structure

A

30 nm fiber

More densely packed than 10 nm nucleosomes

29
Q

What is the third level of chromtin packing?

A

Looped domain and scaffold

30
Q

In what phase are most chromatin loosely packed in the nucleus?

A

Interphase

31
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

Loosely packed chromatin (10-nm fiber)

32
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

Highly condensed regions of chromatin, centromeres and telomeres

33
Q

If the chromatin is more condensed what does this mean for gene expression?

A

More difficult

34
Q

In preperation for cell division, DNA is _______ and chromosomes _________.

A

Replicated

Condensed

35
Q

What are cohesins?

A

Proteins that allow the chromosomes to stick together

36
Q

How does bacteria preform cell division?

A

Binary fission

37
Q

How does eukaryotic cells preform cell division?

38
Q

What is the order of bacterial binary fission? (4)

A
  1. Chromosomes begin to replicate
  2. One copy of origin is now at each end of the cell (pulling toward edge)
  3. Replication finishes
  4. Two daughter cells result
39
Q

Why do multicellular eukaryotes preform cell division? (3)

A
  1. Development from a fertilized egg
  2. Growth
  3. Repair
40
Q

Most cell division reults in ___ ____ ____ with identical genetic information.

A

Two daughter cells

41
Q

What is the result of meiosis? (2)

A
  1. Special type of division that can produce sperm and egg cells
  2. Yields nonidnetical daughter cells (n) that have half as many chromosomes as partent cells
42
Q

What occurs in the Mitotic (M) phase

A

Cell division

43
Q

What occurs in Interphase?

A

Cell growth and copying of chromosomes

44
Q

What is the longest phase of cell division?

A

Interphase makes up 90% of the cell cycle

45
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Division of genetic material in nucleus

46
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Division of cytoplasm

47
Q

What occurs in the G1 phase?

A

“First gap” metabolic growth, organelles growth, cell growth

48
Q

What occurs in the S phase?

A

DNA replication

49
Q

What occurs in the G2 phase?

A

“Second gap” last step of mitosis, checking for errors in DNA replication, organelles replicated

50
Q

Define mitosis.

A

Transfer of genetic material

51
Q

What are the five stages of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
52
Q

What is the role of the nucleolus?

A

rRNA production

53
Q

What is the centrosome?

A

Only in animal cells, microtubule-organizing center

Duplicated during G2

54
Q

What occurs during prophase?

A

Chromosomes start to condense and centrosomes move to poles and microtubules extend

55
Q

What is aster?

A

Radial array of short microtubules; extends from each centrosome

56
Q

What is the mitotic spindle?

A

Stricture made of microtubules that controls the chromosome movement during mitosis

57
Q

What makes up the mitotic spindle? (3)

A

Centrosomes, spindle microtubules, and asters

58
Q

When does the nuclear envelope start to break down?

A

Prometaphase

59
Q

What are kinetochores?

A

Protein complex associated with centromeres (attach to chromosomes)

60
Q

What is the centromere?

A

Where daughter chromosomes are connected

61
Q

What is the metaphase plate?

A

Chromosomes lined up at a plane midway between the spindle’s two poles

62
Q

What are nonkinteochore microtubules?

A

Microtubules that do not attach to the chromosomes at the kinetochore.

63
Q

What is separase?

A

Enzyme that cleves cohesins

64
Q

What is the role of motor proteins?

A

Involves movement and the depolymerization of microtubules

65
Q

What are the main two differences in plant and animal cell division?

A
  1. No centrioles (centrosomes)

2. Difference in cytokinesis

66
Q

What structure is formed during cytokinesis in animal cells? Plant cells?

A 
Cleavage furrow (animal)
Cell plate (plant)

Bio 124 Exam 3 Material (4 decks)

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