Inheritance and Mendelian Genetics Flashcards
Offspring resembel their _____ more than they do unrelated individuals.
Parents
TRUE or FALSE… genes are inherited
TRUE
What process do somatic cells undergo?
Mitosis
What process do gametes undergo?
Meiosis
How is variation demonstrated?
By the difference in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings
What are the 3 mechanisms that contribute to genetic variation?
- Independent assortment of chromosomes
- Crossing over
- Random fertilization
What were the advantages of Gregor Mendel using pea plants for his research? 4
- Short generation time
- Large #s offspring
- Controlled mating
- Many varieties
What is character?
Heritable feature that varies among individuals
What is a trait?
Each variant for a character
What is true breeding?
Plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate
What is meany by hybridization?
Mating of two contrasting varieties
What is a P generation?
Parents (true breeding)
What is the F1 generation?
Hybrind offspring of P generation
What is the F2 generation?
Offspring of F1 generation
What is Mendel’s first concept of genes?
Alternative (2) versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters
What is an allele?
Alternative versions of a gene
What is a locus?
Location on a chromosome
What is Mendel’s second concept of genes?
For each character, organism inherits two alleles, one form each parent
What is Mendel’s third concept of genes?
If two alleles at a locus differ, then one (dominate allele) determines the organism’s appearance, and the other (recessive allele) has no noticeable effect on appearance
What is Mendel’s fourth concept of genes?
Law of segregation- The two alleles for a heritable character separate (segregate) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
What is Mendel’s First Law of Inheritance?
Law of Segregation
What do capital letters represent? What do lowercase letters represent?
F dominate allele
f recessive allele
What is homozygote?
Identical alleles
What is heterozygote?
Different alleles
How can you show possible combinations of alleles?
Punnett square
What is a phenotype?
Physical appearance
What is a genotype?
Genetic makeup
What is a monohybrid?
Heterozygous for one character; monohybrid cross
What is dihybrid?
Heterozygous for two characters; dihybrid cross
What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
Each pair of alleles segregate independently of any other pair of alleles during gamete formation
What are the two Laws of Inheritance?
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent Assortment
The Law of Independent Assortment only applies to what?
Genes on different, nonhomologous chromsomes or those far apart on the same chromosome
What is the multiplication rule?
Probability that two or more independent events will occur together is the product of their individual probabilities
What is the addition rule?
Probability that any one of the >2 mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities
True of False… many characters are determined by only one gene with two alleles.
FALSE
What is complete dominance?
Phenotype of heterozygote and dominate homozygote identical
What is incomplete dominance?
Phenotype of hybrids somewhere between phenotype of parents
What is codominance?
Two dominate alleles affect phenotype in separate, distinguished ways
