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Intro to Royal Pedigrees > Chromosome number > Flashcards

Chromosome number Flashcards

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1
Q

A change in chromosome number

A

Aneuploidy

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2
Q

What does aneuploidy usually arise from?

A

Non-disjunction

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3
Q

What is mongolism?

A

An antiquated term for Down’s Syndrome

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4
Q

Down’s syndrome is aneuploidy of

A

Chromosome 21

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5
Q

What is the mutation in Down’s Syndrome?

A

Trisomy 21

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6
Q

How common is Down’s Syndrome?

A

Fairly common, about 1 in 800

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7
Q

How was Down’s Syndrome diagnosed before chromosomal tests?

A

Single palmar crease, but already present in about 3% of population anyway

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8
Q

What environmental factor is known to greatly increase the risk of Down’s Syndrome?

A

The age of the mother

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of Klinefelter?

A

Male, but with female traits

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10
Q

Klinefelter karyotype:

A

XXY up too 6XY

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11
Q

What is a “supermale?”

A

XYY; supposed association with criminal behavior, many are unaware of having this

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12
Q

What does XO karyotype result in?

A

Turner Syndrome

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of Turner syndrome?

A

Sterile female, vast majority of cases spontaneously abort

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14
Q

What is the “superfemale” karyotype?

A

XXX up to 8X

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15
Q

How debilitating are trisomies generally?

A

Very, chromosome 21 is smallest, and sex chromosomes controlled by lyonisation, so effect is not as big

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16
Q

Trisomy 18

A

Edward’s Syndome, die within weeks of birth

17
Q

What happens in trisomies of large chromosomes?

A

Presumably die early in development; thought that most pregnancies spontaneously abort due to trisomies

18
Q

How does gynandromorphy occur in insects and birds?

A

Non-disjunction of X chromosome; some cells XX some XO (XO is male in insects)

19
Q

What are possible ploidies?

A

Almost anything, but generally an even multiple

20
Q

How is ploidy used for sex determination in bees?

A

Males are haploid (i.e. unfertilised eggs) females are diploid (fertile)

21
Q

What is typical plant ploidy?

A

Polyploidy

22
Q

What is autopolyploidy?

A

Form of polyploidisation, gives rise to new plant ploidies by multiplying number of sets within a species

23
Q

What is allopolyploidy?

A

Form of polyploidisation, gives rise to new plant ploidies by hybridising species and mixing their chromosome sets

24
Q

How does plant ploidy affect size?

A

More sets, larger size, generally

25
Q

How has plant polyploidisation been relevant to crops?

A

Hexaploid bread wheat arose thro a series of hybridisations of primitive agricultural wheats with wild wheats

26
Q

What is Einkorn?

A

One of the oldest agricultural wheats, AA diploid, still used today by peasants

27
Q

What is Emmer wheat?

A

Old agricultural wheat, AA BB tetraploid, still used today

28
Q

What is a modern example of artificial hybridisation of bread wheat?

A

Triticale

29
Q

What is triticale?

A

An amphidiploid of Emmer wheat and Rye, AA BB RR, widely used as a wheat or dry and cold growing conditions

30
Q

How are seedless crops made?

A

Adding colchicine to cells in culture, causes polyploidisation, some crosses will produce sterile triploids

31
Q

What does polyploidy do in humans?

A

Death

32
Q

What is the general genetic evolutionary trend from chimps to humans?

A

Decaying gene families

33
Q

What are the major physical decays from lower primates to humans?

A

Jaw muscles, hair, taste and smell receptors, digestive enzymes (lots of decay here), “ability”

34
Q

What has grown in humans compared to other primates?

A

Brains 5x as big

35
Q

What chromosome is most heavily conserved across species?

A

X chromosome

36
Q

What is notable about hawaiian drosophila?

A

More species there than anywhere else on the world

37
Q

How does genomic complexity relate to organism complexity?

A

Not very much, human genome

38
Q

In what animals is polyploidisation still somewhat common?

A

Fish, accounts for vast range of phenotypic appearance

Intro to Royal Pedigrees (7 decks)

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