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Lifespan > Chptr1:Theory > Flashcards

Chptr1:Theory Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitive neuroscience approach

A

Approaches that examine cognitive development through the lens of brain processes

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2
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

Theory contending that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior

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3
Q

Contextual perspective

A

Theory that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds

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4
Q

2 major theories of contextual perspective

A

Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological approach. 2. Vygotaky’s sociocultural theory

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5
Q

Bioecological approach

A

The perspective suggests that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals

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6
Q

7 levels of Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model of Human Development

A

1 individual. 2 techno-subsystem. 3 Microsystem. 4 mesosystem. 5. Ecosystem 6 macrosystem 7 chronosystem

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7
Q

Bioecological-individual

A

Age sex health etc

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8
Q

Bioecological-techno-subsystem

A

Media influences…computer internet portable devices social media tv phone

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9
Q

Bioecological-Microsystems

A

Direct interaction in activities, roles, and relations with others and objects

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10
Q

Bioecological-mesosystem

A

Connections between systems and Microsystems

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11
Q

Bioecological-ecosystem

A

Systems that influence the individual indirectly through Microsystem

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12
Q

Bioecological-macrosystem

A

Social ideologies and values of cultures and subculture

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13
Q

Bioecological-chronosystem

A

Passage of time historical events and gradual historical changes

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14
Q

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

A

Emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture

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15
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

The theory that seeks to identify behavior that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors

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16
Q

Charles Darwin and Konrad Lorenz

A

Evolutionary perspective

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17
Q

Six major perspectives in lifespan development

A
  1. Psychodynamic
  2. Behavioral
  3. Cognitive
  4. Humanistic
  5. Contextual
  6. Evolutionary
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18
Q

Key idea-Psychodynamic-Freud & Erikson

A

Behavior throughout life is motivated by inner, unconscious forces, stemming from childhood, over which we have little control

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19
Q

Key idea-Behavioral-Watson, Skinner, Bandura

A

Development can be understood through studying observable behavior and environmental stimuli

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20
Q

Key idea-Cognitive-Piaget

A

Emphasis on how changes or growth in the ways people know, understand, and think about the world affect behavior

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21
Q

Key idea-Humanistic-Rogers & Maslow

A

Behavior is chosen through free will and motivated by our natural capacity to strive to reach our full potential

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22
Q

Key idea-Contextual-Bronfenbrenner’s & Vygotsky

A

Development should be viewed in terms of the interrelationship of a person’s physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds

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23
Q

Key idea-Evolutionary-Darwin & Lorenz

A

Behavior is the result of genetic inheritance from our ancestors; traits and behavior that are adaptive for promoting the survival of our species have been inherited through natural selection

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24
Q

Scientific method

A

The process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data

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25
Q

Theories

A

The broad explanations and predictions about phenomena of interest that scientists create

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26
Q

Hypothesis

A

A prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested

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27
Q

Two major categories of research

A

Correlational & experimental

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28
Q

Correlational research

A

Seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists

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29
Q

Experimental research

A

Research designed to discover causal relationships between various factors

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30
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

The strength and direction of a relationship between two factors, mathematical score

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31
Q

Types of Correlational studies

A

Naturalistic observation
Case study
Survey research
Psychophysiological methods

32
Q

Psychophysiological methods

A

Research that focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior - cognitive neuroscience approach

33
Q

Psychophysiological measures

A

EEG- electroencephalogram
CAT- computerized axial tomography
fMRI-Functional magnetic resonance imaging

34
Q

Research-independent variable

A

The variable that researchers manipulate in a experiment

35
Q

Research-dependent variable

A

The variable that researchers measure in an experiment and expect to change as a result of the experimental manipulation

36
Q

Theoretical research

A

Research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge

37
Q

Applied research

A

Research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems

38
Q

Developmental change over time measures

A

Longitudinal research
Cross-sectional research
Sequential research

39
Q

Longitudinal research

A

Research in which the behavior of one or more participants in a study is measured as they age.

40
Q

Cross-sectional research

A

Research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time.

41
Q

Sequential studies

A

Research in which researchers examine a number of different age groups over several points in time.

42
Q

PRO/CON-Longitudinal

A

Pro: high confidence that differences over time are really due to age
Con: takes a long time to see results

43
Q

PRO/CON-Cross-sectional

A

Pro: requires less time to collect data
Con: differences between age groups may be due to some other differences between the cohorts other than age

44
Q

PRO/CON-Sequential

A

Pro: combines advantages of the other designs but to a lesser degree.

45
Q

Lifespan development

A

The field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span

46
Q

Physical development

A

Development involving the body’s physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink, and sleep.

47
Q

Cognitive development

A

Development involving the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person’s behavior vs

48
Q

Personality development

A

Development involving the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span.

49
Q

Social development

A

The way in which individual’s interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life.

50
Q

Cohort

A

A group of people born at around the same time in the same place.

51
Q

Continuous change

A

Gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of the previous levels.

52
Q

Discontinuous change

A

Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages.

53
Q

Critical period

A

A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally.

54
Q

Sensitive period

A

A point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences.

55
Q

Maturation

A

The predetermined unfolding of genetic information.

56
Q

Psychodynamic perspective

A

The approach stating that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond people’s awareness and control.

57
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

The theory proposed by signing Freud that suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior.

58
Q

Psychosexual development

A

According to Freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, focuses on a particular biological function and body part.

59
Q

Psychosocial development

A

The approach that encompasses changes in our interactions with and understanding of one another, as well as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society.

60
Q

Behavioral perspective

A

The approach suggesting that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment.

61
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally doesn’t bring about that type of response.

62
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences.

63
Q

Behavior modification

A

A formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

64
Q

Social-cognitive learning theory

A

Learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model.

65
Q

Cognitive perspective

A

The approach that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world.

66
Q

Information processing approaches

A

Models that seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information.

67
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

A type of Correlational study in which some naturally occurring behavior is observed without intervention in the situation.

68
Q

Case study

A

Study that involves extensive, in-depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals.

69
Q

Survey research

A

A type of study where a group of people chosen to represent some larger population are asked questions about their attitudes, behavior, or thinking on a given topic.

70
Q

Psychophysiological methods

A

Research that focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior.

71
Q

Experiment

A

A process in which an investigator, called an experimenter, devises two different experiences for participants and then studies and compares the outcomes

72
Q

Sample

A

The group of participants chosen for the experiment.

73
Q

Laboratory study

A

A research investigation conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant.

74
Q

Theoretical research

A

Research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge.

75
Q

Field study

A

A research investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting.

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