Chptr 2 Genetics Prenatal Devlp And Birth

Question 1

Zygote

Answer 1

The new cell formed by the process of fertilization.

Question 2

Genes

Answer 2

The basic units of genetic information.

Question 3

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules

Answer 3

The substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body and how it will function.

Question 4

Chromosomes

Answer 4

Rod-shaped portions of DNA that are organized in 23 pairs.

Question 5

Monozygotic twins

Answer 5

Twins who are genetically identical.

Question 6

Dizygotic twins

Answer 6

Twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time.

Question 7

Dominant trait

Answer 7

The one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present.

Question 8

Recessive trait

Answer 8

A trait within an organism that is present, but is not expressed.

Question 9

Genotype

Answer 9

The underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism.

Question 10

Phenotype

Answer 10

An observable trait; the trait that is actually seen.

Question 11

Homozygous

Answer 11

Inheriting from parents similar genes for a given trait.

Question 12

Heterozygous

Answer 12

Inheriting from parents different forms of a gene for a given trait.

Question 13

Polygenic inheritance

Answer 13

Inheritance in which a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait.

Question 14

X-linked genes

Answer 14

Genes that are considered recessive and located only on the X chromosome.

Question 15

Behavioral genetics

Answer 15

The study of the effects of heredity on behavior and psychological characteristics.

Question 16

Down syndrome

Answer 16

A disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the twenty-first pair; once referred to as mongolism.

Question 17

Fragile X syndrome

Answer 17

A disorder produced by injury to a gene on the X chromosome, producing mild to moderate intellectual disability.

Question 18

Sickle-cell anemia

Answer 18

A blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of the red blood cells in those who have it.

Question 19

Tay-Sachs disease

Answer 19

A disorder that produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death; there is no treatment.

Question 20

Klinefelter’s syndrome

Answer 20

A disorder resulting from the presence of an extra X chromosome that produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts.

Question 21

Genetic counseling

Answer 21

The discipline that focuses on helping people deal with issues relating to inherited disorder.

Question 22

Ultrasound sonography

Answer 22

A process in which high-frequency sound waves scan the mother’s womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, whose size and shape can then be assessed.

Question 23

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Answer 23

A test used to find genetic defects that involves taking samples of hair-like material that surrounds the embryo.

Question 24

Amniocentesis

Answer 24

The process of identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus.

Question 25

Temperament

Answer 25

Patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual.

Question 26

Multi factorial transmission

Answer 26

The determination of traits by a combination of both genetic and environmental factors in which a genotype provides a range within which a phenotype may be expressed.

Question 27

Fertilization

Answer 27

The process by which a sperm and an ovum-the male and female gametes, respectively-join to form a single new cell.

Question 28

Germinal stage

Answer 28

The first-and shortest-stage of the prenatal period which takes place during the first two weeks following conception.

Question 29

Placenta

Answer 29

A conduit between the mother and fetus, providing nourishment and oxygen via the umbilical cord.

Question 30

Embryonic stage

Answer 30

The period from two to eight weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems.

Question 31

Fetal stage

Answer 31

The stage that begins at about eight weeks after conception, and continues until birth.

Question 32

Fetus

Answer 32

A developing child, from eight weeks after conception until birth.

Question 33

Infertility

Answer 33

The inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying to become pregnant.

Question 34

Artificial insemination

Answer 34

A process of fertilization in which a man’s sperm is placed directly into a woman’s vagina by a physician.

Question 35

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Answer 35

A procedure in which a women’s ova are removed from her ovaries and a man’s sperm are used to fertilize the ova in a laboratory.

Question 36

Teratogen

Answer 36

An environmental agent that produces a birth defect.

Question 37

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

Answer 37

A disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in mental retardation and delayed growth in the child.

Question 38

Fetal alcohol effects (FAE)

Answer 38

A condition in which children display some, though not all, of the problems of fetal alcohol syndrome due to the mother’s consumption of alcohol during pregnancy.

Question 39

Neonate

Answer 39

The term used for a newborn.

Question 40

Episiotomy

Answer 40

An incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass.

Question 41

Preterm infants

Answer 41

Infants who are born prior to 38 weeks after conception (also known as premature infants).

Question 42

Low-birthweight infants

Answer 42

Infants who weigh less than 2,500 grams (around 5 1/2 pounds) at birth.

Question 43

Small-for-gestational-age infants

Answer 43

Infants who, because of delayed fetal growth, weigh 90 % (or less) of the average weight of infants of the same gestational age.

Question 44

Very low birthweight infants

Answer 44

Infants who weigh less than 1,250 grams (around 2.25 pounds) or, regardless of weight, have been in the womb less than 30 weeks.

Question 45

Postmature infants

Answer 45

Infants still unborn 2 weeks after the mother’s due date.

Question 46

Cesarean delivery

Answer 46

A birth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus rather than traveling through the birth canal (c-section).

Question 47

Fetal monitor

Answer 47

A device that measures the baby’s heartbeat during labor.

Question 48

Stillbirth

Answer 48

The delivery of a child who is not alive, occurring in less than 1 delivery in 100.

Question 49

Infant mortality

Answer 49

Death within the first year of life.