chpt one

Question 1

Examining the structure of the human body

Answer 1

• Inspection
• Palpation
• Auscultation
• Percussion

Question 2

Comparative anatomy

Answer 2

Study of multiple species to learn about form, function,
and evolution

Question 3

Subdisciplines

Answer 3

• Neurophysiology (physiology of nervous system)
• Endocrinology (physiology of hormones)
• Pathophysiology (mechanisms of disease)

Question 4

• Neurophysiology

Answer 4

physiology of nervous system

Question 5

• Endocrinology

Answer 5

(physiology of hormones)

Question 6

• Pathophysiology

Answer 6

(mechanisms of disease)

Question 7

The Hierarchy of Complexity 1

Answer 7

Organism composed of organ systems
Organ systems composed of organs
Organs composed of tissues
Tissues composed of cells
Cells composed of organelles
Organelles composed of molecules
Molecules composed of atoms

Question 8

reductionalism

Answer 8

large, complex systems can be understood
by studying their simpler components
* Essential to scientific thinking

Question 9

Holism

Answer 9

“emergent properties” of the whole organism cannot
be predicted from the properties of the separate parts
* Humans are more than the sum of their parts

Question 10

Anatomical Variation

Answer 10

no two humans are alike

Question 11

Homeostasis—

Answer 11

maintaining relatively stable internal
conditions

Question 12

Physiological Variation

Answer 12

Sex, age, diet, weight, physical activity, genetics and
environment

Question 13

homeostasis

Answer 13

the ability to detect change, activate
mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively
stable internal conditions

Question 14

negative feedback loop

Answer 14

allows for dynamic equilibrium within a
limited range around a set point
* The body senses a change and “negates” or reverses it
Loss of homeostatic control causes illness or death

Question 15

Homeostasis in body temperature

Answer 15

• If too warm, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins
  (heat-losing mechanism)
• If too cold, vessels in the skin constrict and shivering
  begins (heat-gaining mechanism)

Question 16

Receptor

Answer 16

—structure that senses change in the body (e.g.,
stretch receptors above heart that monitor blood pressure

Question 17

integrating (control center)

Answer 17

control center that processes
the sensory information, “makes a decision,” and directs the response (e.g., cardiac center of the brain)

Question 18

Effector—

Answer 18

cell or organ that carries out the final corrective
action to restore homeostasis (e.g., the heart)

Question 19

positive Self-amplifying cycle

Answer 19

• Leads to greater change in the same direction
• Feedback loop is repeated—change produces more
  change

Question 20

Unity of form and function

Answer 20

• Anatomy and physiology complement each other and cannot be
  divorced from one another

Question 21

Cell theory

Answer 21

• All structure and function result from the activity of cells

Question 22

Evolution

Answer 22

• The human body is a product of evolution

Question 23

Hierarchy of complexity

Answer 23

• Human structure can be viewed as a series of levels of complexity

Question 24

Homeostasis

Answer 24

• The purpose of most normal physiology is to maintain stable
  conditions within the body

Question 25

Gradients and flow

Answer 25

• Matter and energy tend to flow down gradients