Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Rad130 > Chpt 2 - Chest > Flashcards

Chpt 2 - Chest Flashcards

1
Q

What does the bony thorax consist of? (5)

A

Sternum
2 clavicles
2 scapulae
12 ribs
12 thoracic vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Two bony landmarks of the thorax used for locating the CR on a PA and AP chest projection

A

Vertebrae prominen
Jugular notch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The four divisions of the respiratory system

A

Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Correct anatomical term:
Adams apple

A

Thyroid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Correct anatomical term:
Voice box

A

Larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Correct anatomical term:
Breastbone

A

Sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Correct anatomical term:
Shoulder

A

Scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Correct anatomical term:
Collarbone

A

Clavicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Structure that is a common pathway for both food and air

A

Pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Three divisions of the pharynx listed proximal to distal

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Structure over the larynx to prevent foreign objects from entering

A

Epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Trachea is located (anteriorly or posteriorly) to the esophagus

A

Anteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is seen in the anterior portion of the neck and is found just below the tongue or floor of the mouth

A

Hyoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What bronchus is larger and more vertical (left or right)

A

Right bronchus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name of the prominence or ridge seen when looking down into the bronchus where it divides into the right and left bronchi

A

Carina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What level vertebra is the carina located?

A

T4-T5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Term for the small air sacs located at the distal ends of the bronchioles, what does it do

A

Alveoli
- Exchanges the oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The delicate, double-walled sac membrane that contains the lungs

A

Pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Membrane that adheres to the inner surface of the chest wall and diaphragm

A

Parietal pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Membrane that adheres to the surface of the lungs

A

Pulmonary/visceral pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The potential space between the parietal and visceral pleura

A

Pleural cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Air or gas that enters the pleural cavity

A

Pneumothorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lungs:
Lower, concave portion

A

Base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Lungs:
Central area in which bronchi and blood vessels enter the lungs

A

Hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Lungs:
Upper, rounded portion above the level of the clavicles

A

Apex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Lungs:
Extreme, outermost lower corner of the lungs

A

Costophrenic angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why is the right lung smaller than the left, and why is the right hemidiaphragm positioned higher than the left?

A

The liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Four important structures located in the mediastinum

A

Thymus
Trachea
Esophagus
Heart & great blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Double-walled membrane that encloses the heart

A

Pericardial sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Three parts of the aorta

A

Ascending
Arch
Descending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which body type is associated with a broad and deep thorax

A

Hypersthenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which body habits may cause the costophrenic angles to be cut off if careful vertical collimating is not used

A

Hyposthenic and asthenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What kVp (according to Cindy and Lisa) should be used for chests

A

110-120

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

(T/F) Generally you don’t need to use radiographic grids for adult patients for PA or lateral chest radiographs

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Optimal technical factors selection ensures proper penetration of what (4)?

A

Heart
Great vessels
Lung regions
Hilar regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Describe the way optimum density (brightness) of the lungs and mediastinal structures can be determined on a PA chest radiograph

A

Should see faint outlines of the upper and middle vertebrae
Ribs through hearts, and other mediastinal structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Term for the condition visceral inversion

A

Situs inversus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What device should be used for the erect PA and lateral chest projections for an infant

A

Pigg-O-Stat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where should the CR be placed (lower or higher) for geriatric patients and why

A

Higher
They shave shallower (superior-inferior) lung fields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Four pathological conditions that suggest the need for inspiration and expiration PA chest projections

A

Small pneumothorax
Lack of normal diaphragm movement
Foreign body
Distinguishing between opacity in rib or lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Three reasons why chest projections should be taken with the patient erect

A

Allows diaphragm to move down further
Air and fluid levels
Prevents engorgement & hyperemia of pulmonary vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Why do the lungs expand more when patient is erect?

A

Abdominal organs drop allowing diaphragm to contract more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Primary purpose of using a 72 inch SID

A

Decreases distortion
Decreases magnification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What anatomical structure is examined to determine rotation ona PA chest

A

Symmetric appearance and location of sternoclavicular joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Left or right lateral position:
Patient with severe pains in left side of chest

A

Left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Left or right lateral position:
Patient with no chest pain but recent history of pneumonia in right lung

A

Right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Left or right lateral position:
Patient with no chest pain or history of heart trouble

A

Left
- Default

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How far should the top of the IR be placed above the patients shoulders

A

5cm / 1.5-2 inches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The CR should be centered where for a PA chest in inches

A

Male - 8in or 20cm
Female - 7in or 18cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

IR orientation for a Hypersthenic patient

A

Landscape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

IR orientation for a asthenic patient

A

Portrait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

(T/F) With most digital chest units, the question of IR placement into either portrait or landscape position is eliminated because of the larger IR

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

(T/F) in general for an average patient, more collimation should be visible on the lower margin of the chest image than on the top for a PA or lateral

A

False
Should be equal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

(T/F) the height or vertical dimension of the average-to-large persons chest is greater than the width, or horizontal dimension

A

False
The width is greater than the height

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

(T/F) multisclice CT (MSCT) can produce high resolution images of the heart on one breathe hold

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

(T/F) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is frequently used to diagnose myocardial infarction

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

(T/F) ultrasound is not an effective way to detect pleural effusion

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

(T/F) echocardiography and electrocardiography are the same

A

False
Echo - sound waves
Electro - electrical activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

One of the most common inherited diseases

A

Cystic fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Condition most frequently associated with congestive heart failure

A

Pulmonary edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Dyspnea

A

Shortness of breath

62
Q

Accumulation of air in pleural cavity

A

Pneumothorax

63
Q

Accumulation of pus in pleural cavity

A

Empyema

64
Q

A form of occupational lung disease

A

Silicosis

65
Q

A contagious disease caused by an airborne bacterium

A

Tuberculosis

66
Q

Irreversible dilation of bronchioles

A

Bronchiectasis

67
Q

Most common form is emphysema

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

68
Q

Acute or chronic irritation of bronchi

A

Bronchitis

69
Q

Collapse of all or portion of lung

A

Atelectasis

70
Q

Inflammation of pleura

A

Pleurisy

71
Q

What is a common radiograph sign seen in a chest radiograph for a patient with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

A

Air bronchogram sign

72
Q

Would this pathological condition increase/decrease or have the same exposure factor:

Left lung atelectasis

A

+

73
Q

Would this pathological condition increase/decrease or have the same exposure factor:

Lung neoplasm

A

0

74
Q

Would this pathological condition increase/decrease or have the same exposure factor:

Severe pulmonary edema

A

+

75
Q

Would this pathological condition increase/decrease or have the same exposure factor:

RDS / ARDS adult respiratory syndrome / HMD hyaline membrane disease

A

+

76
Q

Would this pathological condition increase/decrease or have the same exposure factor:

Reactivating (secondary) tuberculosis

A

+

77
Q

Would this pathological condition increase/decrease or have the same exposure factor:

Advanced emphysema

A

-

78
Q

Would this pathological condition increase/decrease or have the same exposure factor:

Large pneumothorax

A

0

79
Q

Would this pathological condition increase/decrease or have the same exposure factor:

Pulmonary emboli

A

0

80
Q

Would this pathological condition increase/decrease or have the same exposure factor:

Primary tuberculosis

A

0

81
Q

Would this pathological condition increase/decrease or have the same exposure factor:

Advanced asbestosis

A

0

82
Q

What are some occupational lung diseases?

A

Anthracosis
Silicosis
Asbestosis

83
Q

What chest projection / position is recommended for detecting calcifications or cavitation within the upper lung region beneath the clavicles

A

AP lordotic

84
Q

Why is a PA chest preferred to an AP chest?

A

Heart is closer to the IR so less magnification

85
Q

How to move the scapula out of the lung fields

A

Roll shoulders forward

86
Q

Why is a left lateral the default side?

A

Better demonstrates the heart region

87
Q

How much separation of the ribs on a lateral chest projection indicate excessive rotation from a true lateral?

A

Greater than 1 cm

88
Q

How to prevent the clavicles from obscuring the apices on an AP chest

A

CR should be angled about 5 degrees caudad so that it’s perpendicular to the sternum

89
Q

Pleural effusion

A

When fluid enters the pleural cavity

90
Q

For air in lungs affected side should be (up or down)?

A

Up

91
Q

What position would be used for a patient who is too weak to stand for an AP lordotic

A

AP semiaxial proj.
CR is 15-20 degrees cephalad

92
Q

What anterior oblique would best elongate the left thorax

A

RAO
Magnifies the left side

93
Q

What posterior oblique would best elongate the left thorax?

A

LPO

94
Q

(T/F) for certain studies of the heart the LAO requires a rotation of 60 degrees

A

True

95
Q

(T/F) a grid is not recommended for an LPO

A

False

96
Q

Where is the CR placed for a lateral of the upper airway?

A

C6-C7
Between thyroid cartilage and jugular notch

97
Q

Careful collimating during a chest radiograph will improve the image quality by decreasing what?

A

Scatter to the IR

98
Q

Aspiration

What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:

A

Foreign object enter the air passages of the bronchial tree

  • Radiopaque outline of an object
  • AP & Lat. Chest or Upper Airway

( Decrease for neck)

99
Q

Atelectasis

What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:

A

All/part of the lung collapses from obstruction/puncture of an air passageway

  • Radiodense lung regions with shift of heart and trachea
  • PA/Lat. Chest, and PA insp/exp

(Increase)

100
Q

Bronchiectasis

What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:

A

Dilation or widening of bronchi from pulmonary infections/obstructions

  • Radiodense lower lungs
  • PA and Lat. Chest

(Generally none)

101
Q

Bronchitis

What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:

A

When excessive mucus is secreted into the bronchi leading to cough and SOB

  • Hyperinflation and lung markings of lower lungs
  • PA / Lat. Chest

(Generally none)

102
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD)

What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:

A

Caused by chronic bronchitis or emphysema, irreversible airflow obstruction

  • Depends on underlying disease
  • PA / Lat. Chest

(Changes in severe cases only)

103
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:

A

Secretions of heavy mucus that clog the bronchi

  • Increases radiodensities, hyperinflation
  • PA / Lat.

( + with severe conditions)

104
Q

Dyspnea

What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:

A

Difficult breathing

  • Depends on cause
  • PA / Lat.

(Depends on cause)

105
Q

Emphysema

What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:

A

Alveoli enlarged, alveolar wall destruction

  • Barrel chest with depressed / flat diaphragm, elongated heart shadow, lungs appear radiolucent
  • PA / Lat. chest

( - slightly)

106
Q

Epiglottitis

What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:

A

Edema or swelling of the epiglottis
(Life threatening, 2-5 y.o)

  • dilation if the hypopharynx / laryngeal ventricle, narrowing of the trachea
  • Lat. Upper Airway

( - soft tissue technique)

107
Q

Lung Neoplasm

What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:

A

Growth or tumor, benign or malignant

  • small Radiodense masses with sharp outlines or large radiopaque masses for malignant
  • PA / Lat. chest

Generally none

108
Q

Pleural Effusion

What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:

A

Fluid in the pleural cavity (empyema = pus, hemothorax = blood)

  • lungs look grey/white
  • PA / Lat., Lat Decubitus affected side down

(+)

109
Q

Pleurisy

What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:

A

Inflammation of the pleura and rubbing of the viscera and pleura

  • not detectable unless in conjunction with pleura effusion
  • PA / Lat. Chest

Generally none

110
Q

Pneumonia

What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:

A

Inflammation in the lung from fluid

  • Radiodensity
  • PA / Lat. chest

Generally none

111
Q

Bronchopneumonia
What it is:
Caused by:

A

Bronchitis of both lungs

  • Usually caused by streptococcus or staphylococcus bacteria
112
Q

Lobar pneumonia

A

Confined to one or two lungs
- causes the air sacs, or alveoli, of the lungs to fill up with fluid or pus.

113
Q

View (interstitial) pneumonia
Seen as what?

A

Inflammation of the alveoli and connecting lung structures

Seen as increased radiodensities in the hilar area

114
Q

Pneumothorax

What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:

A

Accumulation of air in the pleural space causing partial or complete collapse of lung

  • shades of grey
  • PA / Lat., Lat. Decubitus with affected side up, PA insp/exp

Generally none

115
Q

Pulmonary Edema

What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:

A

Excess fluid in the lungs caused by backup in pulmonary circulation (CHF) or CAD

  • increased diffuse radiodensities in hilar regions, air-fluid levels
  • PA / Lat.

Increase in severe cases

116
Q

Pulmonary Emboli

What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:

A

Sudden blocking of an artery of the lung

  • rarely demonstrates on X-rays but CT
  • PA / Lat.

Generally none

117
Q

RDS/HMD/ARDS

What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:

A

Injury or infection of the alveoli and capillaries that lead fluid/blood into the spaces between alveoli

-increased density through lungs in granular pattern
- PA / Lat.

Generally none

118
Q

Tuberculosis

What it is:
Appearance:
Common position:
Exposure factor adjustment:

A

Contagious / possibly fatal disease caused by bacteria

  • small opaque spots
  • PA / Lat.

Generally none

119
Q

Anthracosis / Blacklung pneumoconiosis

A

Caused by deposits of coal dust

Small plaque spots

120
Q

Asbestosis

A

Caused by inhalation of asbestos dust, results in pulmonary fibrosis

Irregular striped opacities

121
Q

Silicosis

A

From inhaling silica dust
More likely to develop TB

122
Q

What three sections make up the anatomy of the chest

A

Bony thorax
Respiratory system
Mediastinum

123
Q

What provides a protective framework for the parts of the chest involved with breathing and circulation

A

Bony thorax

124
Q

Term used to describe the lungs and the remaining thoracic organs contained in the mediastinum

A

Thoracic viscera

125
Q

What vertebra is the vertebra prominen located at

A

C7

126
Q

What is the primary muscle of inspiration

A

Diaphragm

127
Q

What happens as the dome of the diaphragm moves downward?
Which causes what?

A

It increases the volume of the thoracic cavity

Decreases the infra-thoracic pressure which results in air being drawn into the lungs

128
Q

Passageway for food and fluids as well as air, making it common to the digestive and respiratory systems

A

Pharynx

129
Q

Where is the pharynx located from the nose and mouth?

The larynx and esophagus?

A

Posteriorly

Superior

130
Q

The nasopharynx houses what?

A

The eustachian or auditory tube and the pharyngeal tonsils

131
Q

What marks the boundary between the nasopharynx and the oropharynx

A

Uvula

132
Q

What creates the anterior wall for the oropharynx?

What two tonsils does the oropharynx contain?

A

Tongue

Palatine and lingual tonsils

133
Q

What is suspended from the hyoid bone?

What kind of structure is it?

A

The larynx

Cartilaginous

134
Q

What level does the larynx start at and what level does it end at?

A

C3-C6

135
Q

Where is the laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage located?

A

C4-C5

136
Q

Ring of cartilage that forms the inferior and posterior wall of the larynx. It is attached to the first ring of cartilage of the trachea

A

Cricoid cartilage

137
Q

(T/F) the epiglottis is part of the larynx

A

True

138
Q

What level does the trachea extend from its junction with the larynx

A

C6

139
Q

What glands are typically images with the respiratory system

A

Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus

140
Q

Regulates body growth and development hormones especially in children, also increases calcium in bone to lower blood calcium levels

A

Thyroid gland

141
Q

Gland that stores and secrets hormones that aid in specific blood functions including maintenance of blood calcium levels by bone break down to increase calcium in the blood

A

Parathyroid

142
Q

How many bronchi does the right bronchus divide into? The left?

A

3 bronchi

2 bronchi

143
Q

How many lines does the right lung divide into? The left?

A

3 lobes

2 lobes

144
Q

What substance allows for the breathing mechanism responsible for expansion and contraction of the lungs

A

Parenchyma

145
Q

The medial portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs

A

Mediastinum

146
Q

Known as the temporary organ, large role in the development of the immune system that helps the body resist disease. Essential to the growth and development of T cells

A

Thymus gland

147
Q

Returns blood to the heart from the upper half of the body

A

Superior vena cava

148
Q

Large vein that returns blood from the lower half of the body

A

Inferior vena cava

149
Q

Supply blood and return blood to and from all segments of the lungs

A

Pulmonary arteries and veins

150
Q

The three dimensions that the thoracic cavity increases

A

Vertical diameter - the contraction and downward movement of the diaphragm

Transverse diameter -ribs swing outward and upward

Anteroposterior - raising of the ribs

Rad130 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions