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Rad130 > Chpt 1 - Terminology, Positioning, Imaging Principles > Flashcards

Chpt 1 - Terminology, Positioning, Imaging Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Lowest level of the structural organization of the human body

A

Chemical level

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2
Q

Four basic types of tissues in the body

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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3
Q

10 Systems of the human body

A

Urinary Skeletal
Reproductive Endocrine
Circulatory Digestive
Nervous Integumentary
Muscular Respiratory

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4
Q

Eliminates solid waste from the body

A

Digestive

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5
Q

Regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and volume

A

Urinary

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6
Q

Maintains posture

A

Muscular

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7
Q

Regulates body activities with electrical impulses

A

Nervous

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8
Q

Regulates body activities through hormones

A

Endocrine

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9
Q

Eliminates carbon dioxide from the blood

A

Respiratory

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10
Q

Receives stimuli, such as temperature, pressure, pain

A

Integumentary

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11
Q

Reproduces the organism

A

Reproductive

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12
Q

Regulates body temperature

A

Circulatory

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13
Q

Supports and protects many soft tissues of the body

A

Skeletal

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14
Q

What system protects against disease

A

Circulatory

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15
Q

What system synthesizes vitamin D and other bio chemicals

A

Integumentary

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16
Q

Two divisions of the human body system

A

Axial
Appendicular

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17
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of

A

Skull, spine, ribs

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18
Q

(T/F) The scapula is part of the axial skeleton

A

False

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19
Q

(T/F) The pelvic girdle is part of the appendicular skeleton

A

True

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20
Q

Four classification of bones

A

Flat
Long
Irregular
Short

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21
Q

Example of a flat bone

A
  • Bones of the calvaria (skull cap)
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
  • Scapulae
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22
Q

Examples of a long bone

A
  • Humerus
  • Femur
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23
Q

Example of a short bone

A
  • Carpal / tarsal bones
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24
Q

Example of irregular bones

A
  • Vertebrae
  • Facial bones
  • Pelvis bones
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25
Q

The outer covering of a long bone, which is composed of a dense, fibrous membrane is called?

A

Periosteum

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26
Q

Which aspect of the long bone is responsible for the production of red blood cells?

A

Medullary aspect

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27
Q

Which aspect of the long bone is essential for bone growth, repair, and nutrition?

A

Periosteum

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28
Q

Primary growth center for long bones and what it becomes/where it is

A

Diaphysis
Becomes the body

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29
Q

Secondary growth center for long bones and what it becomes/where it is

A

Epiphysis
Near the ends

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30
Q

When is epiphyseal fusion of the long bone complete

A

By the age 20-25

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31
Q

What is the portion of a long bone in which bone growth in length occurs

A

Metaphysis

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32
Q

Three functional classifications of joint and their mobility

A

Synarthrosis - immovable
Amphiarthrosis - limited
Diarthrosis - freely

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33
Q

Three structural classifications of joints with example

A

Fibrous - skull suture, root of tooth
Cartilaginous - symphis pubis, btn vertebrae
Synovial - elbow

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34
Q

Joint structural classification
First carpometacarpal (CMC) thumb

A

Synovial

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35
Q

Joint structural classification
Roots around tooth

A

Fibrous

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36
Q

Joint structural classification
Proximal radioulnar joint

A

Synovial

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37
Q

Joint structural classification
Skull sutures

A

Fibrous

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38
Q

Joint structural classification
Epiphyses

A

Cartilaginous

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39
Q

Joint structural classification
Interphalangeal joints

A

Synovial

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40
Q

Joint structural classification
Distal tiobiofibular joint

A

Fibrous

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41
Q

Joint structural classification
Intervertebral disk space

A

Cartilaginous

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42
Q

Joint structural classification
Symphis pubis

A

Cartilaginous

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43
Q

Joint structural classification
Hip joint

A

Synovial

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44
Q

7 types of joint movement

A

Plane/gliding
Ginglymus/hinge
Pivot/trochoid
Ellipsoid/condylar
Saddle/sellar
Ball & socket / spheroidal
Bicondylar

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45
Q

Type of movement
First CMC joint

A

Saddle / sellar

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46
Q

Type of movement
Elbow

A

Ginglymus / hinge

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47
Q

Type of movement
Shoulder

A

Ball & socket / spheroidal

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48
Q

Type of movement
Intercarpal

A

Plane / gliding

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49
Q

Type of movement
Wrist

A

Ellipsoidal / condylar

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50
Q

Type of movement
Temporomandibular (TMJ)

A

Bicondylar

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51
Q

Type of movement
First and Second cervical vertebra

A

Pivot / trochoid

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52
Q

Type of movement
Second interphalangeal

A

Ginglymus / hinge

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53
Q

Type of movement
Distal radioulnar

A

Pivot / trochoid

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54
Q

Type of movement
Ankle

A

Saddle / sellar

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55
Q

Type of movement
Knee

A

Bicondylar

56
Q

Type of movement
Third metacarpophalangeal

A

Ellipsoidal / condylar

57
Q

The build, physique, and general shape of the body are defined as

A

Body habitus

58
Q

What body-type classification makes up 50% of the population

A

Sthenic

59
Q

Sthenic body type

A

Average

60
Q

Hyposthenic body type

A

Slender

61
Q

Hypersthenic body type

A

Broad

62
Q

Asthenic body type

A

Super skinny

63
Q

What body type classification makes up 35% of the population

A

Hyposthenic

64
Q

Aspect of an x-ray beam that has the least divergence

A

Central ray

65
Q

Vertical plane that divides the body into equal right and left parts

A

Sagittal / midsagittal

66
Q

Vertical plane that divides the body into equal anterior and posterior parts

A

Midcoronal / coronal

67
Q

A plane taken at right angles along any point of the longitudinal axis of the body

A

Horizontal plane

68
Q

(T/F) the base plane of the skull is a transverse plane located between the infra orbital margin of the orbits and the superior margin of the external auditory meatus (EAM)

A

True

69
Q

What horizontal plane is formed by biting surface of the upper and lower teeth with jaws closed

A

Occlusal plane

70
Q

The direction or path of the central ray defines what term

A

Projection

71
Q

Term that describes the general and specific body position

A

Position

72
Q

(T/F) oblique body and lateral positions are described according the side of the body closest to the IR

A

True

73
Q

Decubitus positions always use what

A

Horizontal x-ray beam

74
Q

Name of the position in which the body is turned 90 degrees from a true AP or PA projection

A

Lateral

75
Q

A patient is erect with their back to the IR. The left side of the body is turned 45 degrees toward the IR. What position is this?

A

LPO

76
Q

A patient is recumbent facing the IR. Their right side of the body is turned 15 degrees toward the IR. What is this position?

A

RAO

77
Q

The patient is lying on their back. The x-ray beam is directed horizontally and enters the ride side and exits the left side. An IR is placed against the left side of the patient. Which position has been performed?

A

Dorsal decubitus

78
Q

The patient is erect with the right side of the body against the IR. The x-ray beams enters the left side and exits the right. What position has been performed?

A

Right lateral

79
Q

A patient on a cart is lying on their left side. The x-ray beam is directed horizontally and enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior. The IR is against the anterior surface. Which position has been performed?

A

Left lateral decubitus

80
Q

Palm of the hand

A

Palmar

81
Q

Lying on the back facing upward

A

Supine

82
Q

An upright position

A

Erect

83
Q

Lying in any position

A

Recumbent

84
Q

Front half of the patient

A

Anterior

85
Q

Top or anterior surface of the foot

A

Dorsum pedis

86
Q

Head is higher than feet

A

Fowler

87
Q

Posterior aspect of the foot

A

Plantar

88
Q

Head is lower than the feet

A

Trendelenburg

89
Q

Back half of patient

A

Posterior

90
Q

A projection using a CR angle of >=10 directed parallel along the long axis of the body

A

Axial

91
Q

Position that demonstrates the apices of the lungs, without superimposition or the clavicles

A

Lordotic

92
Q

The term varus describes

A

Toward the midline

93
Q

Position or projection
AP

A

Projection

94
Q

Position or projection
Prone

A

Position

95
Q

Position or projection
Mediolateral ankle

A

Projection

96
Q

Position or projection
Lordotic

A

Position

97
Q

Moving or thrusting the jaw forward from the normal position

A

Protraction

98
Q

What 2 types of information should be imprinted on every radio graphic image

A

Patient id / date
Anatomical side marker

99
Q

Three recommendations stated in the ASRT ACE communication campaign

A

Announce name
Communicate credentials
Explain what you’re going to do

100
Q

Two rules or principles for determining routines as they relate to the maximum number of projections required in basic routine

A

Minimum of 2 projections 90 degrees diff.
Joints = 3 projections

101
Q

Physical localization of topographic landmarks on a patient

A

Palpitation

102
Q

If SID is doubled the x-ray density is reduced by how much?

A

1/4

103
Q

Levels of Human Structural Organization

A

atoms
molecules
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

104
Q

Tissues that cover internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and organs

A

Epithelial

105
Q

Supportive tissues that bind together and support various structures

A

Connective

106
Q

Tissues that make up the substance of a muscle

A

Muscular

107
Q

Tissues that make up the substance of nerves and nerve centers

A

Nervous

108
Q

Muscle that is striated and under voluntary control, help with body movement

A

Skeletal

109
Q

Muscle that is located in the walls of hollow internal organs such as blood vessels/stomach/intestines, involuntary

A

Smooth

110
Q

Muscle found only in the walls of the heart, striated, involuntary

A

Cardiac

111
Q

Two body systems that help regulate temperature

A

Circulatory, integumentary

112
Q

Maintains the acid-base balance of the body

A

Urinary system

113
Q

Largest sesamoid bone

A

patella

114
Q

Type of bone that consists of a body and two ends

A

Long bone

115
Q

Bone type that is roughly cuboidal and is found only in the wrists and ankles

A

Short Bones

116
Q

Bone type that consists of two plates of compact bone with cancellous bone and bone marrow between them

A

Flat Bones

117
Q

Bone type for facial bones, vertebrae, base of the cranium, and pelvis

A

Irregular Bones

118
Q

What is ossification and when does it begin

A

The process by which bones form within the body
- 6th embryonic week and continues until adulthood

119
Q

When bone replaces cartilage

A

endochondral

120
Q

When bone replaces membranes

A

intramembranous

121
Q

Movement Type
Intermetacarpal, CMC, Intercarpal joints

A

Plane (Gliding)

122
Q

Syndesmoses
Joint it belongs to, mobility, and example

A

Fibrous joint
amphyarthroidal
distal tibiofibular, sacroiliac, carpal/tarsal

123
Q

Sutures
Joint it belongs to, mobility, and example

A

Fibrous Joint
Synarthroidal
skull sutures

124
Q

Gomphoses
Joint it belongs to, mobility, and example

A

Fibrous Joint
very limited
roots of teeth

125
Q

Symphyses
Joint it belongs to, mobility, and example

A

Cartilaginous joint
amphiarthroidal
Pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks

126
Q

Synchondroses
Joint it belongs to, mobility, and example

A

Cartilaginous Joint
Synarthroidal
epiphyseal plates

127
Q

Synovial joints
Joint it belongs to, mobility, and example

A

cartilaginous joint
diarthrodial
…

128
Q

Recumbent position with the patient lying on the left anterior side, with the right knee and thigh flexed and the left arm extended down the back

A

Sims position

129
Q

A recumbent supine position with knees and hip flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports

A

lithotomy

130
Q

CR enters the parietal bone and exits at the acanthion (junction of nose and upper lip)

A

parietocanthial projection or PA Waters

131
Q

CR enters below the chin and exits at the vertex or top of the skull

A

Submentovertical (SMV) Projection

132
Q

Sliding or Gliding

A

Plane / Gliding

133
Q

Flexion and Extension

A

Ginglymus / Hinge

134
Q

Rotational

A

Trochoid / Pivot

135
Q

Flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction

A

Ellipsoidal / Condyloid
or
Saddle / Stellar

136
Q

Movement primarily in one direction with some limited rotation

A

Bicondylar

Rad130 (4 decks)

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