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Anatomy > Chpt 2: Cells and Chemistry > Flashcards

Chpt 2: Cells and Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Enzymes are

A

proteins.

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2
Q

The fundamental units that make up the human body, which carry out all the characteristics of life, are called ______.

A

cells

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3
Q

In class a student is only studying many different cell types. She is most likely taking a ______ class.

A

cytology

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4
Q

true or false: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) uses an electron beam to create an image for viewing.

A

true

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5
Q

Epithelial cells ______.

A

line internal surfaces of organs

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6
Q

The cell structure that functions as a ‘gatekeeper’ to regulate the passage of gases, nutrients, and wastes between the internal and external environments is the ______.

A

plasma membrane

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7
Q

true or false: Many cells of the body can undergo cell division and reproduce themselves.

A

true

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8
Q

Examples of lipids include ______.

A

cholesterol

steroids

fats

oils

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9
Q

The study of cells is called

A

cytology

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10
Q

Using electron microscopy improves __________
of an image by more than a thousandfold compared to light microscopy.

A

resolution

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11
Q

Some membrane proteins catalyze (speed up) the rate of metabolic reactions. These proteins are acting as _____________

A

enzymes

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12
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of human body cells?

Movement

Covering

Storage

Communication

Dedifferentiation

A

Dedifferentiation

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13
Q

The plasma membrane allows certain substances to be transported into the cell by passive processes. These substances include ______.

A

ions

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14
Q

All materials that enter or leave the cell must pass across the _________
membrane.

A

plasma

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15
Q

Of the following, which is a main factor that influences membrane permeability?

Collagen concentration

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Molecular size

A

Molecular size

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16
Q

_____ are substances that are insoluble in water; examples include fats and oils.

A

lipids

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17
Q

true or false: Water molecules can pass through the phospholipid bilayer.

A

true

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18
Q

Materials tend to move more rapidly when their concentrations are _____ between two compartments.

A

significantly different

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19
Q

Proteins in the plasma membrane perform a variety of functions including ______.

enzyme activity

intercellular connection

DNA synthesis

cell to cell recognition

transport

A

enzyme activity

intercellular connection

cell to cell recognition

transport

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20
Q

What type of material passes readily through the cell membrane?

A

lipid soluble materials

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21
Q

Cell membranes can regulate the transport of materials into and out of the cell. Thus, cell membranes are said to be ____________
permeable.

A

selectively

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22
Q

Most passive transport mechanisms require a cell membrane to occur. The one passive process that does not require a membrane is _______.

Multiple choice question.

A

simple diffusion

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23
Q

One of the main factors that influence membrane permeability is ______.

A

concentration gradient

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24
Q

The simple diffusion of water is also called

A

osmosis

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25
Q

Because of the structure of the phospholipid bilayer, which molecules pass easily through it?

Nucleic acids

Lipid molecules

Proteins

Carbohydrate molecules

A

Lipid molecules

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26
Q

In diffusion, particles move until they are ______.

spread into a spherical structure

concentrated on one side of a membrane

spread out evenly on each side of a membrane

A

spread out evenly on each side of a membrane

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27
Q

If the inside of a cell has a net negative charge, which type of extracellular ion will be most attracted to the intracellular environment?

A negatively charge ion

A positively charged ion

A neutral ion

A

A positively charged ion

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28
Q

In osmosis and simple diffusion, the net movement of molecules will continue until the concentration gradient no longer exists. This end point is called____________

A

equilibrium

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29
Q

In general, _____ molecules move across the plasma membrane readily, while _____ molecules need special transport systems to move them across the membrane.

protein, carbohydrate

charged, uncharged

water, non-water

smaller, larger

A

smaller, larger

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30
Q

______ is required for osmosis to occur.

A carrier substance

A selectively permeable membrane

ATP or some other energy source

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

A selectively permeable membrane

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31
Q

In passive transport processes, materials flow from a region of ______________
concentration of the material to a region of ________________
concentration of the same material.

A

higher, lower

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32
Q

Endocytosis is _____ in reverse.

osmosis
bulk filtration
facilitated diffusion
exocytosis

A

exocytosis

33
Q

The four major passive transport processes are simple ______________, facilitated___________, osmosis, and bulk _______________.
.

A

Field 1: diffusion
Field 2: diffusion
Field 3: filtration

34
Q

An enclosed membrane sac formed through phagocytosis is called a ______.

matrix
pseudopodium
vacuole
peroxisome

A

vacuole

35
Q

The tendency of molecules to move down their concentration gradient is ______.

diffusion
transduction
active transport
bulk transport

A

diffusion

36
Q

true or false: The process of pinocytosis is nonspecific because all solutes dissolved in the droplet are taken into the cell.

A

true

37
Q

Osmosis is a type of diffusion in which the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is from a region of ______ water concentration to a region of ______ water concentration.

A

higher, lower

38
Q

The three parts of the cytoplasm are cytosol, ___________, and inclusions.

A

organelles

39
Q

Osmosis is a type of ______.

A

diffusion

40
Q

Which statements characterize cytosol?

It contains proteins and carbohydrates.

It is the same thing as cytoplasm.

It has a high water content.

It is also called intracellular fluid.

It contains many dissolved solutes.

A

It contains proteins and carbohydrates.

It has a high water content.

It is also called intracellular fluid.

It contains many dissolved solutes.

41
Q

The term endocytosis ______.

includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis

refers to the disruption of cells by internal mechanisms

includes diffusion and osmosis

refers to the process by which cells secrete substances

A

includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis

42
Q

Which of these are inclusions, not organelles?

Melanin pigments
Microtubules
Lysosomes
Cilia

A

Melanin pigments

43
Q

Membrane extensions used by a cell during phagocytosis are called ______.

lysosomes
vacuoles
pseudopodia
receptors

A

pseudopodia

44
Q

What are the two categories of organelles?

internal and external
smooth and rough
large and small
membrane-bound and non-membrane-bound

A

membrane-bound and non-membrane-bound

45
Q

_____________ is known as “cellular drinking”.

A

Pinocytosis

46
Q

The synthesis of steroid hormones occurs in the ______.

smooth ER
nucleus
rough ER
mitochondria

A

smooth ER

47
Q

The watery, syrup-like fluid of the cytoplasm is called ______________

A

cytosol

48
Q

Which are functions of smooth ER?

Synthesis of lipids

Synthesis of nucleic acids

Transport of lipids

Metabolism of carbohydrates

Detoxification of alcohol

A

Synthesis of lipids

Transport of lipids

Metabolism of carbohydrates

Detoxification of alcohol

49
Q

______________ is the viscous fluid of the cytoplasm.

A

Cytosol

50
Q

Which statements characterize rough ER?

The amount of rough ER is greater in cells that produce a large amount of proteins for secretion.

Ribosomes are attached to rough ER.

Ribosomes are not attached to rough ER.

The amount of rough ER is greater in cells involved in the detoxification of alcohol and poisons.

A

The amount of rough ER is greater in cells that produce a large amount of proteins for secretion.

Ribosomes are attached to rough ER.

51
Q

Melanin and protein crystals are examples of ______.

cytoskeleton components

microfilaments

organelles

inclusions

A

inclusions

52
Q

When viewed under a transmission electron microscope, the Golgi apparatus looks like _____.

a stack of flattened structures

a vesicle

a series of granules

a collection of structures similar to ribosomes

A

a stack of flattened structures

53
Q

_______________are complex, organized structures inside cells; they have unique characteristics and shapes.

A

organelles

54
Q

Which statement best describes the receiving end of the Golgi apparatus?

The diameter of the flattened sac is smaller in the receiving end than in the shipping end.

The diameter of the flattened sac is larger in the receiving end than in the shipping end.

A

The diameter of the flattened sac is larger in the receiving end than in the shipping end.

55
Q

Transport (shuttle) vesicles are produced within a cell by ______.

A

rough ER

56
Q

Lysosomes remove old organelles through a process called _____.

A

autophagy

57
Q

The liver contains abundant amounts of ______ to process digested nutrients and detoxify alcohol and drugs.

A

smooth ER

58
Q

In which of the cell’s organelles is ATP manufactured?

Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Nucleolus
Lysosomes
Ribosomes

A

Mitochondria

59
Q

Which are functions of rough ER?

Storage of proteins to be exported from the cell

Formation of transport vesicles

Detoxification of poisons

Transporting nucleic acids to the nucleus

Production of proteins

A

Storage of proteins to be exported from the cell

Formation of transport vesicles

Production of proteins

60
Q

The parts of the subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the ______ while the subunits are assembled into ribosomes in the ______.

nucleolus, nucleus
nucleus, cytosol
nucleus, smooth ER
cytosol, mitochondria

A

nucleus, cytosol

61
Q

These are the primary structures for the processing and packaging of proteins for transport out of the cell.

Ribosomes
Mitochondria

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes

A

Golgi apparatus

62
Q

Cells with cilia line the respiratory tract. There, the beating of the cilia move ______.

mucus
blood
air
lymph

A

mucus

63
Q

The cis-face of the Golgi apparatus is also called the _____ region.

shipping
receiving

A

receiving

64
Q

Which statements characterize microvilli?

They function to increase the surface area of the plasma membrane.

They are found on all cells in the body.

They are smaller than cilia.

They function to move mucus along the surface of the plasma membrane.

They are microscopic projections of the plasma membrane.

A

They function to increase the surface area of the plasma membrane.

They are smaller than cilia.

They are microscopic projections of the plasma membrane.

65
Q

Rapid digestion of a cell by its own lysosomes is called ________________-

A

autolysis

66
Q

The function of the nucleus is to ______.

synthesize lipids
control cellular activities

synthesize proteins

destroy non-functioning organelles

transport nutrients

A

control cellular activities

67
Q

The folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion are called ______.

cristae
rough ER
ribosomes
chromatin

A

cristae

68
Q

The nucleus is enclosed by a double membrane structure called the _______________
envelope.

A

nuclear

69
Q

These are the primary cellular sites for the production of proteins.

Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Secretory vesicles
Mitochondria

A

Ribosomes

70
Q

Nucleoli are responsible for making the small and large subunits of ______.

nuclei
mitochondria
ribosomes
lysosomes

A

ribosomes

71
Q

he function of flagella is to ______.

move substances over the surface of a cell

produce mucus

propel an entire cell

increase the surface area of a cell

A

propel an entire cell

72
Q

The nucleus contains _____.

mitochondria
DNA
vacuoles
ribosomes

A

DNA

73
Q

________________ are thin, microscopic projections extending from the surface of the plasma membrane. They are smaller than cilia.

A

Microvilli

74
Q

Cells induced to undergo apoptosis exhibit all of the following signs except ______.

rapid replication of its genetic material

reduced metabolic functions

A

rapid replication of its genetic material

75
Q

The _______________ is the cellular structure that contains genetic material and controls cellular activities.

A

nucleus

76
Q

Which statements describe the nuclear envelope?

It has ribosomes attached to it.

It is a double membrane.

It controls the entry of substances into the nucleus.

It is a single membrane.

It contains phospholipids.

A

It has ribosomes attached to it.

It is a double membrane.

It controls the entry of substances into the nucleus.

It contains phospholipids.

77
Q

Not all cells contain a nucleolus. The presence of nucleoli in a cell indicates that the cell produces large amounts of ______.

lipids
protein
sugars
DNA

A

protein

78
Q

DNA of the nucleus is organized into _____.

genes
transfer RNA
ribosomes
codons

A

genes

79
Q

Programmed cell death is called _____.

cytosis
terminosis
necrosis
suicidosis
apoptosis

A

apoptosis

Anatomy (4 decks)

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