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Molecular Diagnostics > chpt 18 definitions > Flashcards

chpt 18 definitions Flashcards

1
Q

disease

A

disturbance in the normal functioning of an organism

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2
Q

infectious diseases

A

disease caused by a microbe that can be transmitted from host to host

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3
Q

zoonotic diseases

A

infectious disease of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans

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4
Q

symptoms

A

subjective disease state such as muscle aches

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5
Q

pathogens

A

a microbe that routinely causes disease

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6
Q

pathogenesis

A

process by which a pathogen causes disease

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7
Q

infection

A

successful colonization and invasion by a pathogen of a host

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8
Q

primary pathogens

A

microbe that causes disease in otherwise healthy hosts

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9
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

microbe that causes disease only when a host has been compromised

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10
Q

virulence

A

degree of severity of disease a pathogen is capable of causing

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11
Q

case-to-case infection ratio (CI ratio)

A

proportion of infected individuals who develop disease

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12
Q

attenuation

A

regulatory mechanism that occurs after the initiation of transcription but before transcription of the operon is complete; decrease in virulence

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13
Q

vaccines

A

preparation containing antigens used to immunize against disease

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14
Q

carriers

A

asymptomatic host that can transmit an infectious agent to others

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15
Q

host range

A

the diversity of cells that can be infected by a pathogen or support the replication of a virus or plasmid

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16
Q

antigenic variation

A

change in molecules on the surface of a pathogen to which the immune system responds; can allow pathogen to avoid immune detection

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17
Q

latency

A

infection characterized by a delay or cessation of disease; in viral disease, characterized by limited transcription of the viral genome; results in reduced immune response

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18
Q

Reactivation

A

resumption of disease after a latent period; can occur due to cellular stress i the hose; in viruses, resumption of transcription of a previously latent viral genome

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19
Q

toxins

A

substance of biological origin that damages a host

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20
Q

apoptosis

A

cell death accomplished through a highly ordered and tightly controlled cascade of chemical signaling events within the cell that results in its destruction without the release of damaging cell constituents or triggering of inflammation

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21
Q

transmission

A

spread of an infectious agent from one host to another or from its source

22
Q

reservoir

A

source of an infectious agent

23
Q

direct contact transmission

A

spread of an infectious agent that occurs via physical contact between an infected person and a susceptible person

24
Q

indirect contact transmission

A

spread of an infectious agent that occurs from one person to another via an inanimate object or a vector

25
Q

fomite

A

inanimate object via which pathogens may be transferred to a susceptible host

26
Q

fecal-oral transmittion

A

spread of an infectious agent that is eliminated in the feces of one individual and then ingested by another individual

27
Q

respiratory transmittion

A

spread of an infectious agent that replicates in the respiratory tract and leaves the infected host as an aerosol during coughing, sneezing, laughing, or similar activities

28
Q

vector-borne transmittion

A

spread of an infectious agent from an infected individual to another organism such as an insect that then transmits the infectious agent to a different susceptible host

29
Q

sexual transmittion

A

spread of an infectious agent that occurs during vaginal, anal, or oral sex

30
Q

sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

A

infectious disease that is spread sexually through vaginal, anal, or oral sex

31
Q

vertical transmission

A

spread of an infectious agent from part to child

32
Q

horizontal transmittion

A

spread of an infectious agent between members of a species that are not parent and offspring

33
Q

zoonotic transfer

A

spread of pathogen from its natural animal host to a human

34
Q

reservoir host

A

natural host that supports replication of a pathogen

35
Q

dead-end host

A

individual in which a pathogen may replicate and cause disease but int transferred efficiently to another individual; also called incidental host

36
Q

epidemiology

A

study of patterns of disease within populations

37
Q

morbidity rate

A

rate of disease

38
Q

mortality rate

A

rate of death associated with disease

39
Q

incidence

A

number of new cases of a disease appearing in a population during a specific time period

40
Q

prevalence

A

total number of cases of a disease in a population at a particular time or during a particular time period

41
Q

emerging diseases

A

disease that was previously unknown or that shows a significant increase in incidence

42
Q

endemic diseases

A

disease that is normally present in a population

43
Q

epidemic

A

significant rise in incidence of a disease above that normally expected in a population

44
Q

pandemic

A

global epidemic, usually on ore than one continent

45
Q

outbreak

A

cluster of cases appearing within a short period of time in a localized population

46
Q

common-source epidemic

A

an outbreak that results from exposure to a single source of infection

47
Q

incubation period

A

time between entry of a pathogen into a host and appearance of illness

48
Q

propagated epiemics

A

pattern of disease characterized by infection passing from one host to another, either directly or indirectly

49
Q

koch’s postulates

A

guidelines for demonstrating that a specific microbe causes a specific disease

50
Q

molecular kock’s postulates

A

guidelines for using molecular tools to demonstrate that a specific microbial product is a virulence factor

51
Q

pathogenicity islands (PAIs)

A

region of a chromosome containing multiple virulence factor genes

52
Q

signs

A

objective disease state that can be readily observed or measured, such as a rash or a fever

Molecular Diagnostics (4 decks)

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