chpt 16 : human sexual reproductive system Flashcards
what is reproduction
process of producing offspring
how is genetic material from parents distributed to their kids
50% by mom 50% by dad
how is traits from parents distributed to their kids
random
male puberty period
12-16
female puberty period
10-14
what happens to the reproductive system during puberty for male and female
male : testes grow larger and produce male sex hormones and male sex cells
female : ovaries begin to produce female hormones and female sex cells, ovulation and menstruation starts
what are the physical changes for both male and female during puberty
male : height and weight increases ,body becomes more muscular, armpit hair, facial hair, pubic hair starts growing
female : height and weight increases, breasts grow larger, hips become rounder and wider, armpit hair and pubic hair starts growing
how is sperm transported
testes -> sperm duct -> urethra
what does the sperm duct do
it is a tube that transport sperm from the testes to the urethra
what does the scrotum do
it is a bag of skin that protects and holds the testes l
what does the sex glands do
it releases fluids that contains nutrients that provide sperms with energy for them to swim
what does the penis do
it is a male sex organ which ejects sperm and deposits them into the vagina during sexual intercourse
what does the testes do
it produces male sex hormones and male sex cells
what does the urethra do
tube that carries sperm from the sperm duct through the penis to outside of the body, it also allows urine to be removed
what does the oviduct do
it is the site of fertilisation, eggs from the ovary are pushed to the uterus
what does the uterus do
it is where the embryo implants itself, develops and is protected
what does the ovary do
the ovary produces female sex hormones and eggs w
what does the vagina do
it is where sperm from the penis is deposited during sexual intercourse
what does the cervix do
it is the narrow neck of the uterus, widens during child birth
how often are sperm produced
everyday since the start of puberty
how often are eggs produced
every 28 days from the start of menstruation until menopause
describe fertilisation in the human sexual reproduction system
the penis deposits sperms into the vagina and travels up to the uterus and oviduct. the fertilised eggs then moves down the oviduct to the uterus and cell division occurs. an embryo is formed in a few hours and it sinks into the uterine lining.
how long does a menstrual cycle last
28 days
when does ovulation occur
14 days
what comes out during menstruation
dead ovum, uterine lining and blood
how long does sperms survive
3 to 5 days
how long does eggs survive
1 day
reason for late / early menstruation
poor nutrition, stress, illness
abstinence
prevent STI, fertilisation cannot occur if sperm is not deposited into the vagina.
prevents fertilisation
rhythm method
does not have sexual intercourse during fertile period , fertilisation cannot occur if there is no mature egg present
prevents fertilisation
birth control pill
contain hormones that prevent ovulation
male /female condom
prevents deposition of sperms into the vagina
prevents fertilisation
diaphragm
prevent sperms from entering the uterus reaching the oviduct
orevents fertilisation
intra uterine device (IUD)
inserted into the uterus by a doctor, alters the mucus of the cervix and lining of the uterus to prevent implantation and fertilisation
spermicide
a chemical that kills sperms, there are no sperms that can reach the oviduct
prevents fertilisation
two methods too prevent pregnancy
temporary contraceptive method
permanent contraceptive method
types of permanent contraceptive methods
vasectomy, tubal ligation
vasectomy
cut and tie middle sections of sperm ducts, sperm cannot move from the testes to the penis, no sperm deposited into the vagina
prevents fertilisation
tubal ligation
cut and tie mid portions of oviducts and then clipping them up, eggs cannot pass along the oviduct to the uterus , sperm and egg cannot meet in the oviduct
prevents fertilisation
what does abortion cause
excessive bleeding, damage uterus leading to infertility, may develop infection
how are STI spread
- sexual intercourse
- blood transfusions
organ transplant
tattooing
sharing of needle for drug use
ear piercing
acupuncture
types of STI caused by bacteria (curable with antibiotics
gonorrhoea, syphilis
symptoms of gonorrhoea
burning sensation when urinating
white/yellow pus discharged from the penis/vagina
long term pelvic or abdonminal pain
infertility if left untreated
symptoms of syphilis
(early stages): sores on the mouth and reproductive organs, weight loss, patchy hair loss
(later stages): blindness, infertility, paralysis, major brain and heart damage
AIDS
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is caused by a virus called the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
the virus attacks white blood cells which help the body fight infections. immune system becomes weak and unable to fight disease. as a result, the person easily gets infections and othe r cancers. there is NO cure for AIDS.
what is the increased in the world’s population is due to
medical advancement, increased food production, improved transportation and improved sanitation
