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MC Biochem 1 > Chpt 1 > Flashcards

Chpt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biochemistry

A

The study of the chemistry of life processes

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2
Q

What are all things composed of?

A

Cells

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3
Q

biological macromolecules

A

large molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA)

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4
Q

DNA

A
  • Genetic material of ALL living things

- composed of 4 nucleotides in a single circular molecule

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5
Q

Proteins

A

composed of 20 amino acids

-forms the enzyme and structural components of ALL living things

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6
Q

Elvolutionary diverse organisms have similar characteristics; What are they?

A

(All life has a common ancestor)

  • use same biological macromolecules (Proteins, Nucleic Acids)
  • use same metabolites
  • use same metabolic pathways (Glycolysis)
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7
Q

Metabolites

A

lower molecular weight molecules such as glucose and glycerol

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8
Q

Cell Theory

A
  • organisms consist of one or more cell(s)
  • the cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms
  • all cells arise only from preexisting cells
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9
Q

3 domains of life

A

Bacteria
Eukarya
Archaea

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10
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A
  • lack nucleus
  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
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11
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

-contains a membrane bound nucleus

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12
Q

Domain: Bacteria

A

Prokaryotic Cells:

-lacks nucleus and membrane bound organelles

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13
Q

Domain Archaea

A

Prokaryotic cells:

  • lacks nucleus and membrane bound organelles
  • cell wall lacking peptidoglycan
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14
Q

Parts of Prokaryotic cells

A

Lacks nucleus and membrane bound organelles

contains:

  • Plasma (or cell) membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Capsule (or slime capsule)
  • Ribosomes (70S)
  • Cytoplasm
  • DNA
  • Nucleoid Region
  • Pili
  • Flagella
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15
Q

Plasma (or cell membrane):

Prokaryotic cells

A

-fluid mosaic model- phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

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16
Q

Cell wall

A

Found only in prokaryotic cells
-contains peptidoglycan

Gram negative- thin layer of peptidoglycan
Gram positive- thick layer of peptidoglycan

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17
Q

Ribosomes (70S)

Prokaryotic Def

A

Found in prokaryotic cells

-complex of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) responsible for synthesizing proteins

18
Q

Nucleoid Region

A

Found only in prokaryotes

complex of proteins and DNA

19
Q

Domain: Eukarya (parts)

A

contains:

  • membrane bound organelles
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplast
  • Peroxisomes
20
Q

Domain Eukarya: Kingdoms?

A
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
21
Q

Kingdom Protista: what domain? info?

A

Domain Eukarya

  • single cellular (with a few multicellular)
  • Have groups with characteristics of other three eukaryotic kingdoms
  • holding kingdom
22
Q

Parts of Eukaryotic Cells

A

1) Cell or plasma membrane
2) Extracellular matrix **
3) Nucleus**
4) Nuclear Envelope**
5) Nuclear pores**
6) Nucleolus**
7) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
8) Ribosomes
9) Golgi Apparatus
10) Cytoplasm
11) Mitochondria
12) Microfilaments
13) Vacuole
14) Microfilaments
15) Centrioles
16) Lysosomes

23
Q

cell or plasma membrane (eukaryotic def)

A
  • phospholipid bilayer with associated proteins

- separates cell from its environment

24
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

only in eukaryotes

-the material in between cells that holds tissues

25
Q

Nucleus (eukaryotic def)

A
  • Control center of the eukaryotic cell that holds tissues
  • stores DNA
  • Location of replication and transcription of nuclear genes in the eukaryotes
26
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Only found in eukaryotes

-double membrane that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

27
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Only found in eukaryotes

-gaps in nuclear envelope (formed by proteins) that allow substances to move in and out of the nucleus

28
Q

Nucleolus

A

Only found in eukaryotes

  • Dark region inside the nucleus
  • site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly
29
Q 
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 
Eukaryotic Def
A

Extensive network of membranes
-Rough ER (rER)- with ribosome–>site of translation of membrane bound and secrete proteins

-Smooth ER (sER)- lacks ribosomes –> lipid and steroid synthesis and drug detoxification

30
Q

Ribosomes

Eukaryotic Def

A
  • Complex of rRNA and r-proteins
  • location of translation (protein synthesis)
    a) Free-in cytoplasm
    b) bound- attached to ER
31
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Found only in Eukaryotic cells

  • membrane system
  • modifies, packages and sorts newly synthesized proteins
32
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Found only in Eukaryotic cells

  • semifluid material outside nuclear envelope but inside plasma membrane
  • Cytosol= liquid part of cytoplasm
  • site of glycolysis
33
Q

Mitochondria

A

Found only in Eukaryotic cells

  • powerhouse of the cell
  • surrounded by double membrane
    a) outer mitochondrial membrane
    b) inner mitochondrial membrane–>folder into cristea
  • site of pyruvate oxidation, Kreb’s cycle, and electron transport chain
34
Q

Microfilaments

A

Found only in Eukaryotic cells

  • cytoskeletal element composed of a polymer of actin
  • involved in cell movement, cell shape, and muscle contraction
35
Q

Vacuole

A

Found only in Eukaryotic cells

-Membrane enclosed compartment within the cells

36
Q

Microtubules

A

Found only in Eukaryotic cells

  • Cytoskeletal element composed of polymer tubulin
  • involved in cellular structure and movement of organelles and chromosomes
37
Q

Centrioles

A

Found only in Eukaryotic cells

-a pair of organelles that organize microtubules into spindles on which chromosomes are separated when cells divide

38
Q

Lysosomes

A

Found only in Eukaryotic cells

  • membrane bound organelle
  • contain hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes
39
Q

Kingdom Fungi: What domain? Info?

A

Domain Eukarya

  • eukaryotic cell with cell wall containing chitin
  • heterotrophic- by absorption
  • non-motile
  • Haplontic life cycle- adult is haploid (n), Zygote is diploid (2n)–> meiosis produces haploid spores and spores develop into adults
  • energy storage-Glycogen
40
Q

Kingdom Plantae: What domain? Info?

A

Domain Eukarya

  • eukaryotic cell with cell wall containing cellulose
  • Autotrophic-photosynthetic
  • Non-motile
  • Life cycle- alternation of life cycles
  • Energy Storage-Starch
41
Q

Kingdom Animalia: What domain? Info?

A

Domain Eukarya

  • eukaryotic cell lacking cell wall
  • Heterotrophic-ingest food
  • Motile-by contractile fibers- muscles
  • Life cycle- Diplontic-Diploid adults (2n) that produce haploid gametes (n)–> gametes are eggs or sperm
  • Energy storage- glycogen
42
Q

Evolutionary Diverse organisms have…

A

proteins with similar amino acid composition, shape, and function

MC Biochem 1 (30 decks)

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