Chpt 1 Flashcards
Biochemistry
The study of the chemistry of life processes
What are all things composed of?
Cells
biological macromolecules
large molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA)
DNA
- Genetic material of ALL living things
- composed of 4 nucleotides in a single circular molecule
Proteins
composed of 20 amino acids
-forms the enzyme and structural components of ALL living things
Elvolutionary diverse organisms have similar characteristics; What are they?
(All life has a common ancestor)
- use same biological macromolecules (Proteins, Nucleic Acids)
- use same metabolites
- use same metabolic pathways (Glycolysis)
Metabolites
lower molecular weight molecules such as glucose and glycerol
Cell Theory
- organisms consist of one or more cell(s)
- the cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms
- all cells arise only from preexisting cells
3 domains of life
Bacteria
Eukarya
Archaea
Prokaryotic cells
- lack nucleus
- Bacteria
- Archaea
Eukaryotic Cells
-contains a membrane bound nucleus
Domain: Bacteria
Prokaryotic Cells:
-lacks nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Domain Archaea
Prokaryotic cells:
- lacks nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- cell wall lacking peptidoglycan
Parts of Prokaryotic cells
Lacks nucleus and membrane bound organelles
contains:
- Plasma (or cell) membrane
- Cell wall
- Capsule (or slime capsule)
- Ribosomes (70S)
- Cytoplasm
- DNA
- Nucleoid Region
- Pili
- Flagella
Plasma (or cell membrane):
Prokaryotic cells
-fluid mosaic model- phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
Cell wall
Found only in prokaryotic cells
-contains peptidoglycan
Gram negative- thin layer of peptidoglycan
Gram positive- thick layer of peptidoglycan
Ribosomes (70S)
Prokaryotic Def
Found in prokaryotic cells
-complex of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) responsible for synthesizing proteins
Nucleoid Region
Found only in prokaryotes
complex of proteins and DNA
Domain: Eukarya (parts)
contains:
- membrane bound organelles
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi apparatus
- Mitochondria
- Chloroplast
- Peroxisomes
Domain Eukarya: Kingdoms?
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
Kingdom Protista: what domain? info?
Domain Eukarya
- single cellular (with a few multicellular)
- Have groups with characteristics of other three eukaryotic kingdoms
- holding kingdom
Parts of Eukaryotic Cells
1) Cell or plasma membrane
2) Extracellular matrix **
3) Nucleus**
4) Nuclear Envelope**
5) Nuclear pores**
6) Nucleolus**
7) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
8) Ribosomes
9) Golgi Apparatus
10) Cytoplasm
11) Mitochondria
12) Microfilaments
13) Vacuole
14) Microfilaments
15) Centrioles
16) Lysosomes
cell or plasma membrane (eukaryotic def)
- phospholipid bilayer with associated proteins
- separates cell from its environment
Extracellular Matrix
only in eukaryotes
-the material in between cells that holds tissues
Nucleus (eukaryotic def)
- Control center of the eukaryotic cell that holds tissues
- stores DNA
- Location of replication and transcription of nuclear genes in the eukaryotes
Nuclear Envelope
Only found in eukaryotes
-double membrane that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm
Nuclear pores
Only found in eukaryotes
-gaps in nuclear envelope (formed by proteins) that allow substances to move in and out of the nucleus
Nucleolus
Only found in eukaryotes
- Dark region inside the nucleus
- site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Eukaryotic Def
Extensive network of membranes
-Rough ER (rER)- with ribosome–>site of translation of membrane bound and secrete proteins
-Smooth ER (sER)- lacks ribosomes –> lipid and steroid synthesis and drug detoxification
Ribosomes
Eukaryotic Def
- Complex of rRNA and r-proteins
- location of translation (protein synthesis)
a) Free-in cytoplasm
b) bound- attached to ER
Golgi Apparatus
Found only in Eukaryotic cells
- membrane system
- modifies, packages and sorts newly synthesized proteins
Cytoplasm
Found only in Eukaryotic cells
- semifluid material outside nuclear envelope but inside plasma membrane
- Cytosol= liquid part of cytoplasm
- site of glycolysis
Mitochondria
Found only in Eukaryotic cells
- powerhouse of the cell
- surrounded by double membrane
a) outer mitochondrial membrane
b) inner mitochondrial membrane–>folder into cristea - site of pyruvate oxidation, Kreb’s cycle, and electron transport chain
Microfilaments
Found only in Eukaryotic cells
- cytoskeletal element composed of a polymer of actin
- involved in cell movement, cell shape, and muscle contraction
Vacuole
Found only in Eukaryotic cells
-Membrane enclosed compartment within the cells
Microtubules
Found only in Eukaryotic cells
- Cytoskeletal element composed of polymer tubulin
- involved in cellular structure and movement of organelles and chromosomes
Centrioles
Found only in Eukaryotic cells
-a pair of organelles that organize microtubules into spindles on which chromosomes are separated when cells divide
Lysosomes
Found only in Eukaryotic cells
- membrane bound organelle
- contain hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes
Kingdom Fungi: What domain? Info?
Domain Eukarya
- eukaryotic cell with cell wall containing chitin
- heterotrophic- by absorption
- non-motile
- Haplontic life cycle- adult is haploid (n), Zygote is diploid (2n)–> meiosis produces haploid spores and spores develop into adults
- energy storage-Glycogen
Kingdom Plantae: What domain? Info?
Domain Eukarya
- eukaryotic cell with cell wall containing cellulose
- Autotrophic-photosynthetic
- Non-motile
- Life cycle- alternation of life cycles
- Energy Storage-Starch
Kingdom Animalia: What domain? Info?
Domain Eukarya
- eukaryotic cell lacking cell wall
- Heterotrophic-ingest food
- Motile-by contractile fibers- muscles
- Life cycle- Diplontic-Diploid adults (2n) that produce haploid gametes (n)–> gametes are eggs or sperm
- Energy storage- glycogen
Evolutionary Diverse organisms have…
proteins with similar amino acid composition, shape, and function
