Chpater 7. The skeletal System

Question 1

Which parts of the skeleton belong to the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 1

• Upper limb
  arm: the Humerus
  forarm: the Ulna and the Radius
  wrist&hands: the Carpals, Metacarpals and the Phalanges
• Lower limb
  thigh: the Femur
  leg: the Tibia, Fibula
  ankle&feet: the Tarsals, Metatarsals and the Phalanges
• Pectoral girdle : the clavicle and the scapula, support the upper limb
• Pelvic girdle: 2 pelvic bones(each has the ilium, ischium, pubis) + the sacrum

Question 2

Which parts of the skeleton belong to the axial skeleton?

Answer 2

Skull
Vertebral column: approx. 33 bones called vertebrae(24 encase the spinal cord, 2 inferior: sacrum&coccyx)
Thoracic cage: Sternum, 12 pairs of ribs

Question 3

Where are skeletal carilages located?

Answer 3

two bones meet at applications or joints

Question 4

What are some functions of bone markings?

Answer 4

1. Depressions
2. Openings
3. Projections

Question 5

Ridge or Projection

Answer 5

Crest
i.e. illium: illiac crest

ridge
along,narrowraisedpartof asurface,especiallya highedgealong amountain:
thepartof aroofwhere theslopingsidesjoinat thetop

Question 6

Round projection from a bone’s epiphysis

Answer 6

Head

i.e. Humerus: head

Question 7

Small, rounded bony projection

Answer 7

Tubercle and tuberosity

i.e. ; a tuberosity is a large tubercle
Humerus: Deltoid tuberosity

Question 8

Small projection usually proximal to a condyle

Answer 8

Epicondyle

i.e. Humerus: Medial epicondyle

Question 9

Prominent bony projection

Answer 9

Process

i.e. Scapula: Coracoid process

Question 10

Sharp process

Answer 10

Spine

i.e. Scapula: Spine

Question 11

Rounded end of a bone that articulates with another bone

Answer 11

Condyle

i.e. Mandible: Mandibular condyle

Question 12

Hole in a bone

Answer 12

Foramen(pl. foramina)

Question 13

Narrow slit in a bone or between adjacent parts of bones

Answer 13

Fissure

i.e. Sphenoid bone: Superior orbital fissure

Question 14

Tunnel through a bone

Answer 14

Canal (or meatus)

i.e. Temporal bone: External acoustic meatus

Question 15

Permit access to the middle and inner ear; encase delicate structures and protect them from trauma.

Answer 15

Openings: holes that allow blood vessels and nerves to travel through a bone

Question 16

Long indentation along which a narrow structure travels
i.e.?

Answer 16

Curve

Rib: Costal groove

Question 17

Shallow pit

i.e.?

Answer 17

Fovea

Femur: Fovea capitis

Question 18

Indentation in a bone into which another structure fits

Answer 18

Fossa (pl. Fossae)

Question 19

Shallow convex or concave surface where two bones articulate

Answer 19

Facet

Rib: Articular facet for articulation with a transverse process

Question 20

Located where a bone meets another structure( such as another bone or a blood vessel)

Answer 20

Deppressions

Question 21

Bony extensions of varying shapes and sizes; Some provide locations for attachment of muscles, tendons and ligaments

Answer 21

Projections

Question 22

Why might a fractured bone of the axial skeleton be more damaging to overall homeostasis than a fractured bone of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 22

The bones of the axial skeleton protect delicate vital structures, such as the spinal cord, brain, heart and lungs. The bones of the appendicular skeleton are more improtant for movement than protection and so damage to these bones if likely to be less damaging to overall homeostasis

Question 23

Many bone abnormalities are characterized by changes in the normal structure of bone markings. Defective openings that are smaller or larger than normal can be particularly problematic. Why do you think this is true?

Answer 23

Openings typically allow the passage of important structures, such as nerves, blood vessels and the spinal cord.

• too small -> compress these important structures, impair their functions
• too large -> lead to instability and inadquate support of the structures