Chp9- joints Flashcards
1
Q
Where does body movement occur?
A
• at joints
2
Q
What is another name for joints?
A
• articulations
3
Q
What connects at a joint/ articulation?
A
• two bones
4
Q
What determines the direction and distance of movement?
A
• joint structure
5
Q
What does ROM stand for?
A
• range of motion
6
Q
What happens to the joint as mobility increases?
A
• joint strength decreases
7
Q
What are the 2 types of joint classification?
A
- Functional classification
2. Structural classification
8
Q
What is functional classification based on?
A
• the ROM
9
Q
What is structural classification based on?
A
• the anatomical organization of the joint
10
Q
What are the 3 types of functional classification?
A
- Synarthrosis
- Amphiarthrosis
- Diarthrosis
11
Q
What type of functional joint is synarthrosis?
A
• immovable joint
12
Q
What type of functional joint is amphiarthrosis?
A
• slightly movable joint
13
Q
What are the 4 types of structural classification?
A
- Bony
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
14
Q
Which joints are immovable?
A
• synarthroses joint
15
Q
What can happen at the edges of bone in synarthrosis?
A
• edges of bone may touch or interlock
16
Q
How many types of synarthrosis joints is there?
A
• 4
17
Q
What are the 4 types of synarthrosis joints?
A
- Suture
- Gomphosis
- Synchondrosis
- Synostosis
18
Q
Where can you find suture joints?
A
• only between the bones of the skull
19
Q
How are suture joints connected?
A
• by dense fibrous CT
20
Q
Where can you find gomphosis joints?
A
- in the maxillae and mandible
* binding the teeth to body sockets
21
Q
How does gomphosis joints attach?
A
• by periodontal fibrous
22
Q
Where can you find synchondrosis joints?
A
- the cartilage between two articulating bones
* epiphyseal cartilage
23
Q
What is an example of synchondrosis joints?
A
•vertebrosternal ribs and manubrium/sternum
24
Q
What type of functional joint is diarthrosis?
A
• freely movable joint
25
Where can you find synostosis joints?
• between two fused bones
26
What type of functional joint is more movable than synarthrosis, but stronger than freely movable joints?
• amphiarthroses
27
How many types of amphiarthrosis is there?
• 2
28
What are the 2 types of amphiarthrosis ?
1. Syndesmosis
| 2. Symphysis
29
Where can you find syndesmosis joints?
* at bones connected by ligaments
| * at distal articulations between tibia and fibula
30
Where can you find symphysis joints?
* at bones separated by Fibrocartilage
| * at articulations between pubic bones
31
What kind of joints are diarthroses joints?
• movable joints
32
What is another name for diarthrosis joints?
• synovial joints
33
Where can you find diarthrosis/ synovial joints?
* end of long bones
| * within articular/joint capsules
34
What surrounds the articular capsule in a synovial joint?
* envelope of membrane
| * lined with synovial fluid
35
What are the 4 component of synovial joints?
1. Joint capsule
2. Synovial membrane
3. Articular cartilage
4. Joint cavity containing synovial fluid
36
What prevents bones from touching?
• pad articulating surfaces
| Articular cartilage
37
What reduces friction?
• synovial fluid
38
What does synovial fluid contain?
• slippery proteoglycans
39
What secretes proteoglycans?
• fibroblast
40
What are the 3 functions of synovial fluid?
1. Lubrication
2. Nutrient distribution
3. Shock absorption
41
What are the accessory structures of a synovial joint?
1. Cartilages
2. Fat pads
3. Ligaments
4. Tendons
5. Bursae
42
What does cartilage do?
• cushion the joint
43
What is the Fibrocartilage pad called?
• meniscus
44
What does fat pads do?
• protect articular cartilage
45
Where are fat pads located?
• superficial to the joint capsule
46
What does tendon do?
* attach to muscle around joint
| * help support joint
47
What is a bursa?
* pouch
| * pocket of synovial fluid
48
What does the bursa do?
• cushions areas where tendons or ligaments rub
49
How do you prevent injury in synovial joints?
• by limiting range in motion
50
What are the factors that stabilize synovial joints?
* collagen fibers
* articulating surface and menisci
* other bones, muscles, fat pads
* tendons of articulating bones
51
How many types of dynamic movement do we have?
• 3
52
What are the 3 types of dynamic movement?
1. Linear movement (gliding)
2. Angular movement (circumspection)
3. Rotation
53
How many planes (axes) of dynamic movement do we have?
1. Monaxial (1 axis)
2. Biaxial (2 axes)
3. Triaxial (3 axes)
54
What are the 3 directions of axes (planes)
1. Superior-inferior axis
2. Lateral-medial axis
3. Anterior-posterior axis
55
What is a gliding movement?
• 2 surfaces slide past each other
56
What is Ana example of gliding movement?
* carpal or tarsal bones
* vertebrocostal joint
* acromioclavicular joint
57
What are the 6 types of movement that occur in Aguilar moment?
1. Flexion
2. Extension
3. hyperextension
4. Abduction
5. Adduction
6. Circumduction
58
In which plane does flexion move?
• anterior-posterior plane
59
What does flexion do?
• reduce angle between elements
60
In which plane does extension move?
• anterior-posterior plane
61
What does extension do?
• angle between elements
62
What is hyperextension?
• extension past anatomical position
63
In what plane does abduction occur?
• frontal plane
64
What does abduction do?
• moves away from longitudinal axis
65
In what plane does adduction move?
• frontal plane
66
What does adduction do?
• move towards longitudinal axis
67
What is circumduction?
• circular movement w/o rotation
68
Inward rotation; rotates towards axis
• medial rotation
69
Outward rotation; rotates away from axis
• lateral rotation
70
Rotates forearm, radius over ulna
• pronation
71
Returns forearm to anatomical position
• supination
72
Twists some of foot medically
inversion
73
Twists some of foot laterally
• eversion
74
Flexion at ankle, toes lift
• Dorsi flexion
75
Extension at ankle, toes point
• plantar flexion
76
What are the 7 special movement?
1. Opposition
2. Reposition
3. Protection
4. Retraction
5. Elevation
6. Depression
7. Lateral Flexion
77
Thumb movement towards pinky or palm (grasping)
• opposition
78
Opposite of opposition
• reposition
79
Moves anteriorly, pushing forward in horizontal plane
• protraction
80
Moves posteriorly, pulling back
• retraction
81
Moves in superior direction
• elevation
82
Moves in inferior direction
• depression
83
Bends vertebral column from side to side
• lateral flexion
84
What type of joints permit angular motion in a single plane (monaxial)
• hinge joint
85
What type of joint is nonaxial?
• gliding joints
86
What are some examples of hinge joint?
* elbow joint
* knee joint
* ankle joint
* interphalangeal joint
87
Describe a conndylar joint
• oval articular face w-in a depression
88
In how many planes can a condylar joint move?
• 2
89
What are some examples of condylar joints?
* radiocarpal joint
* metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5
* metatarsophalangeal joint
90
Describe a saddle joint
* 2 concave, straddle
| * biaxial
91
Example of a saddle joint
• first carpometacarpal joint
92
What way does a pivot joint move?
* rotation only
| * monaxial
93
What is a ball-and-socket joint?
* round articular face in a depression
| * triaxial
94
Examples of ball and socket joint
* shoulder joint
| * hip joint
95
Can a joint be both highly mobile and strong?
• no
96
What are mobile joints supported by
• muscles and ligaments only
97
What vertebrae articulates?
• C2- L5
98
What type of joints are at inferior superior articular processes of the vertebra?
• gliding joints
99
What types of joints are between adjacent vertebra bodies?
• symphyseal joints
100
What are intervertebral discs?
• pads of Fibrocartilage
101
What do intervertebral discs do?
• separate vertebral bodies
102
What are the 3 components of a intervertebral disc?
1. . vertebral end plate
2. Animus fibrosus
3. Nucleus pulposus
103
What is the anulus fibrosus?
• tougher layer of vertebra disc
104
What does the anulus fibrosus do?
• attaches disc to vertebrae
105
What is the nucleus pulposus?
• elastic, gelatinous core
106
What does the nucleus pulposus do?
• absorbs shock
107
What happens to the vertebral joints as vertebral column moves?
* nucleus pulposus shifts
| * disc shape conforms to motion
108
What does the intervertebral ligaments do?
* bind vertebrae together
| * stabilize the vertebral column
109
What are the 6 intervertebral ligaments?
1. Anterior longitudinal ligament
2. Posterior longitudinal ligament
3. Ligamentum flavum
4. Interspinous ligament
5. Supraspinous ligament
6. Ligamentum nuchae
110
What ligament connects anterior bodies?
• anterior longitudinal ligaments
111
What ligament connects posterior bodies?
• posterior longitudinal ligament
112
What ligament connects laminae?
• ligamentum flavum
113
What ligament connects spinous process??
• interspinous ligament
114
What ligament connects tips of spinous process?
• supraspinous ligament
115
What ligament continues supraspinous ligament (c7 to skull)?
• ligamentum nuchae
116
What are some damages to the intervertebral disc?
1. Slipped disc
| 2. Herniated disc
117
What is a slipped disc?
* bulge in anulus fibrosus
| * invades vertebra canal
118
What is a herniated disc?
* nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus
| * presses on spinal cord or nerves
119
What are the 4 movements of the vertebral column?
1. Flexion
2. Extension
3. Lateral flexion
4. Rotation
120
What are some examples of synostoses joints?
* suture of frontal bone
* fusion of left/right mandible
* epiphyseal lines of mature bone
121
What joint is the least stable?
• Shoulder joint
123
What is another name for shoulder joint?
• gelonhumeral joint
124
What does the shoulder joint allow?
• more motion than any other joint
