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Appendicular Skeleton > Chp9- joints > Flashcards

Chp9- joints Flashcards

1
Q

Where does body movement occur?

A

• at joints

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2
Q

What is another name for joints?

A

• articulations

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3
Q

What connects at a joint/ articulation?

A

• two bones

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4
Q

What determines the direction and distance of movement?

A

• joint structure

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5
Q

What does ROM stand for?

A

• range of motion

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6
Q

What happens to the joint as mobility increases?

A

• joint strength decreases

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of joint classification?

A
  1. Functional classification

2. Structural classification

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8
Q

What is functional classification based on?

A

• the ROM

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9
Q

What is structural classification based on?

A

• the anatomical organization of the joint

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of functional classification?

A
  1. Synarthrosis
  2. Amphiarthrosis
  3. Diarthrosis
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11
Q

What type of functional joint is synarthrosis?

A

• immovable joint

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12
Q

What type of functional joint is amphiarthrosis?

A

• slightly movable joint

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13
Q

What are the 4 types of structural classification?

A
  1. Bony
  2. Fibrous
  3. Cartilaginous
  4. Synovial
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14
Q

Which joints are immovable?

A

• synarthroses joint

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15
Q

What can happen at the edges of bone in synarthrosis?

A

• edges of bone may touch or interlock

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16
Q

How many types of synarthrosis joints is there?

A

• 4

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17
Q

What are the 4 types of synarthrosis joints?

A
  1. Suture
  2. Gomphosis
  3. Synchondrosis
  4. Synostosis
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18
Q

Where can you find suture joints?

A

• only between the bones of the skull

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19
Q

How are suture joints connected?

A

• by dense fibrous CT

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20
Q

Where can you find gomphosis joints?

A
  • in the maxillae and mandible

* binding the teeth to body sockets

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21
Q

How does gomphosis joints attach?

A

• by periodontal fibrous

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22
Q

Where can you find synchondrosis joints?

A
  • the cartilage between two articulating bones

* epiphyseal cartilage

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23
Q

What is an example of synchondrosis joints?

A

•vertebrosternal ribs and manubrium/sternum

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24
Q

What type of functional joint is diarthrosis?

A

• freely movable joint

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25
Q

Where can you find synostosis joints?

A

• between two fused bones

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26
Q

What type of functional joint is more movable than synarthrosis, but stronger than freely movable joints?

A

• amphiarthroses

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27
Q

How many types of amphiarthrosis is there?

A

• 2

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28
Q

What are the 2 types of amphiarthrosis ?

A
  1. Syndesmosis

2. Symphysis

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29
Q

Where can you find syndesmosis joints?

A
  • at bones connected by ligaments

* at distal articulations between tibia and fibula

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30
Q

Where can you find symphysis joints?

A
  • at bones separated by Fibrocartilage

* at articulations between pubic bones

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31
Q

What kind of joints are diarthroses joints?

A

• movable joints

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32
Q

What is another name for diarthrosis joints?

A

• synovial joints

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33
Q

Where can you find diarthrosis/ synovial joints?

A
  • end of long bones

* within articular/joint capsules

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34
Q

What surrounds the articular capsule in a synovial joint?

A
  • envelope of membrane

* lined with synovial fluid

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35
Q

What are the 4 component of synovial joints?

A
  1. Joint capsule
  2. Synovial membrane
  3. Articular cartilage
  4. Joint cavity containing synovial fluid
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36
Q

What prevents bones from touching?

A

• pad articulating surfaces

Articular cartilage

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37
Q

What reduces friction?

A

• synovial fluid

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38
Q

What does synovial fluid contain?

A

• slippery proteoglycans

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39
Q

What secretes proteoglycans?

A

• fibroblast

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40
Q

What are the 3 functions of synovial fluid?

A
  1. Lubrication
  2. Nutrient distribution
  3. Shock absorption
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41
Q

What are the accessory structures of a synovial joint?

A
  1. Cartilages
  2. Fat pads
  3. Ligaments
  4. Tendons
  5. Bursae
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42
Q

What does cartilage do?

A

• cushion the joint

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43
Q

What is the Fibrocartilage pad called?

A

• meniscus

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44
Q

What does fat pads do?

A

• protect articular cartilage

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45
Q

Where are fat pads located?

A

• superficial to the joint capsule

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46
Q

What does tendon do?

A
  • attach to muscle around joint

* help support joint

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47
Q

What is a bursa?

A
  • pouch

* pocket of synovial fluid

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48
Q

What does the bursa do?

A

• cushions areas where tendons or ligaments rub

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49
Q

How do you prevent injury in synovial joints?

A

• by limiting range in motion

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50
Q

What are the factors that stabilize synovial joints?

A
  • collagen fibers
  • articulating surface and menisci
  • other bones, muscles, fat pads
  • tendons of articulating bones
51
Q

How many types of dynamic movement do we have?

A

• 3

52
Q

What are the 3 types of dynamic movement?

A
  1. Linear movement (gliding)
  2. Angular movement (circumspection)
  3. Rotation
53
Q

How many planes (axes) of dynamic movement do we have?

A
  1. Monaxial (1 axis)
  2. Biaxial (2 axes)
  3. Triaxial (3 axes)
54
Q

What are the 3 directions of axes (planes)

A
  1. Superior-inferior axis
  2. Lateral-medial axis
  3. Anterior-posterior axis
55
Q

What is a gliding movement?

A

• 2 surfaces slide past each other

56
Q

What is Ana example of gliding movement?

A
  • carpal or tarsal bones
  • vertebrocostal joint
  • acromioclavicular joint
57
Q

What are the 6 types of movement that occur in Aguilar moment?

A
  1. Flexion
  2. Extension
  3. hyperextension
  4. Abduction
  5. Adduction
  6. Circumduction
58
Q

In which plane does flexion move?

A

• anterior-posterior plane

59
Q

What does flexion do?

A

• reduce angle between elements

60
Q

In which plane does extension move?

A

• anterior-posterior plane

61
Q

What does extension do?

A

• angle between elements

62
Q

What is hyperextension?

A

• extension past anatomical position

63
Q

In what plane does abduction occur?

A

• frontal plane

64
Q

What does abduction do?

A

• moves away from longitudinal axis

65
Q

In what plane does adduction move?

A

• frontal plane

66
Q

What does adduction do?

A

• move towards longitudinal axis

67
Q

What is circumduction?

A

• circular movement w/o rotation

68
Q

Inward rotation; rotates towards axis

A

• medial rotation

69
Q

Outward rotation; rotates away from axis

A

• lateral rotation

70
Q

Rotates forearm, radius over ulna

A

• pronation

71
Q

Returns forearm to anatomical position

A

• supination

72
Q

Twists some of foot medically

A

inversion

73
Q

Twists some of foot laterally

A

• eversion

74
Q

Flexion at ankle, toes lift

A

• Dorsi flexion

75
Q

Extension at ankle, toes point

A

• plantar flexion

76
Q

What are the 7 special movement?

A
  1. Opposition
  2. Reposition
  3. Protection
  4. Retraction
  5. Elevation
  6. Depression
  7. Lateral Flexion
77
Q

Thumb movement towards pinky or palm (grasping)

A

• opposition

78
Q

Opposite of opposition

A

• reposition

79
Q

Moves anteriorly, pushing forward in horizontal plane

A

• protraction

80
Q

Moves posteriorly, pulling back

A

• retraction

81
Q

Moves in superior direction

A

• elevation

82
Q

Moves in inferior direction

A

• depression

83
Q

Bends vertebral column from side to side

A

• lateral flexion

84
Q

What type of joints permit angular motion in a single plane (monaxial)

A

• hinge joint

85
Q

What type of joint is nonaxial?

A

• gliding joints

86
Q

What are some examples of hinge joint?

A
  • elbow joint
  • knee joint
  • ankle joint
  • interphalangeal joint
87
Q

Describe a conndylar joint

A

• oval articular face w-in a depression

88
Q

In how many planes can a condylar joint move?

A

• 2

89
Q

What are some examples of condylar joints?

A
  • radiocarpal joint
  • metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5
  • metatarsophalangeal joint
90
Q

Describe a saddle joint

A
  • 2 concave, straddle

* biaxial

91
Q

Example of a saddle joint

A

• first carpometacarpal joint

92
Q

What way does a pivot joint move?

A
  • rotation only

* monaxial

93
Q

What is a ball-and-socket joint?

A
  • round articular face in a depression

* triaxial

94
Q

Examples of ball and socket joint

A
  • shoulder joint

* hip joint

95
Q

Can a joint be both highly mobile and strong?

A

• no

96
Q

What are mobile joints supported by

A

• muscles and ligaments only

97
Q

What vertebrae articulates?

A

• C2- L5

98
Q

What type of joints are at inferior superior articular processes of the vertebra?

A

• gliding joints

99
Q

What types of joints are between adjacent vertebra bodies?

A

• symphyseal joints

100
Q

What are intervertebral discs?

A

• pads of Fibrocartilage

101
Q

What do intervertebral discs do?

A

• separate vertebral bodies

102
Q

What are the 3 components of a intervertebral disc?

A
  1. . vertebral end plate
  2. Animus fibrosus
  3. Nucleus pulposus
103
Q

What is the anulus fibrosus?

A

• tougher layer of vertebra disc

104
Q

What does the anulus fibrosus do?

A

• attaches disc to vertebrae

105
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus?

A

• elastic, gelatinous core

106
Q

What does the nucleus pulposus do?

A

• absorbs shock

107
Q

What happens to the vertebral joints as vertebral column moves?

A
  • nucleus pulposus shifts

* disc shape conforms to motion

108
Q

What does the intervertebral ligaments do?

A
  • bind vertebrae together

* stabilize the vertebral column

109
Q

What are the 6 intervertebral ligaments?

A
  1. Anterior longitudinal ligament
  2. Posterior longitudinal ligament
  3. Ligamentum flavum
  4. Interspinous ligament
  5. Supraspinous ligament
  6. Ligamentum nuchae
110
Q

What ligament connects anterior bodies?

A

• anterior longitudinal ligaments

111
Q

What ligament connects posterior bodies?

A

• posterior longitudinal ligament

112
Q

What ligament connects laminae?

A

• ligamentum flavum

113
Q

What ligament connects spinous process??

A

• interspinous ligament

114
Q

What ligament connects tips of spinous process?

A

• supraspinous ligament

115
Q

What ligament continues supraspinous ligament (c7 to skull)?

A

• ligamentum nuchae

116
Q

What are some damages to the intervertebral disc?

A
  1. Slipped disc

2. Herniated disc

117
Q

What is a slipped disc?

A
  • bulge in anulus fibrosus

* invades vertebra canal

118
Q

What is a herniated disc?

A
  • nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus

* presses on spinal cord or nerves

119
Q

What are the 4 movements of the vertebral column?

A
  1. Flexion
  2. Extension
  3. Lateral flexion
  4. Rotation
120
Q

What are some examples of synostoses joints?

A
  • suture of frontal bone
  • fusion of left/right mandible
  • epiphyseal lines of mature bone
121
Q

What joint is the least stable?

A

• Shoulder joint

123
Q

What is another name for shoulder joint?

A

• gelonhumeral joint

124
Q

What does the shoulder joint allow?

A

• more motion than any other joint

Appendicular Skeleton (2 decks)

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