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Earth Science 001 > Chp.3) Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth [lecture] > Flashcards

Chp.3) Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth [lecture] Flashcards

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1
Q

crystallization above or below ground forms this type of rock?

A

igneous rock

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2
Q

a breakdown of a material at the earth’s surface is called:

A

weathering

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3
Q

solid particles produced through weathering are called:

A

sediment

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4
Q

the conversion of sediments through compaction and crystallization by groundwater to form sedimentary rock is called:

A

lithification

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5
Q

changes due to high temperatures and pressures below ground to form metamorphic rock is called:

A

metamorphism

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6
Q

What are the 5 components of the rock cycle?

A

1) Melting
2) Cooling, crystallization
3) Weathering
4) Lithification
5) Metamorphism

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7
Q

what are 4 examples of the possible, alternate paths of the Rock Cycle

A

1) sedimentary rock melts
2) igneous rock is metamorphosed
3) sedimentary rock is weathered
4) metamorphic rock is weathered

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8
Q

rocks formed inside the earth are called:

A

plutonic/intrusive rocks

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9
Q

rocks formed on the surface (by lava) are called:

A

volcanic/extrusive rocks

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10
Q

a material similar to magma, but without gas

A

Lava

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11
Q

what is arranged in orderly patterns during cooling (of rocks)?

A

ions

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12
Q

crystal size is determined by the rate of (___)?

A

cooling

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13
Q

in silicates, a slow rate of cooling forms:

A

large crystals

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14
Q

in silicates, a fast rate of cooling forms:

A

microscopic crystals

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15
Q

in silicates, a very fast rate of cooling forms:

A

glass

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16
Q

granitic (Felsic) compositions are richer in:

A

light-silicates

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17
Q

Basaltic (Mafic) compositions are richer in:

A

dark-silicates

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18
Q

igneous rock with fine-grained texture is a result of:

A

fast rate of cooling

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19
Q

igneous rock with coarse-grained texture is a result of:

A

slow rate of cooling

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20
Q

igneous rock with porphyritic (two crystal sizes) texture is a result of:

A

two rates of cooling

21
Q

igneous rock with glassy texture is a result of:

A

very fast rate of cooling

22
Q

igneous rock with vesicular texture is a result of:

A

holes left by gas bubbles

23
Q

igneous rock with pyroclastic texture is a result of:

A

consolidation of volcanic fragments

24
Q

3 common igneous rocks are:

A

granitic
andesitic (intermediate)
basaltic

25
Q

granitic rocks are (___) which means they are composed of light-colored silicates - quartz and feldspar

common: granite, rhyolite, obsidian

A

felsic

26
Q

andesitic (intermediate) rocks are a mixture of (___) and (___) compositions

common: andesite, diorite

A

felsic, mafic

27
Q

basaltic rocks are (___) which means they are composed of dark-colored silicates

common: basalt, gabbro

A

mafic

28
Q

What is the composition (rock types) and sequence in which minerals crystallize from magma according to Bowen’s Reaction Series?

A

A.) Ultramafic – Olivine(1)
B.) Mafic – Pyroxene(2), Amphibole(3)
C.) Intermediate – Biotite(4)
D.) Felsic – K. Feldspar(5), Muscovite(6), Quartz(7)

29
Q

a type of sedimentary rock formed by compacting solid particles from weathering:

Common: conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, siltstone, shale

A

detrital rock

30
Q

These 3 types of sedimentary rocks are derived from ions carried in solutions to lakes and seas

common: limestone, gypsum, chert, coal

A

chemical
biochemical
organic

31
Q

Lithification by (___) is a process of turning loose sediment into rock by filling the pore space with solid minerals

A

cementation

32
Q

(___) is a process of reducing air voids or empty spaces between sediments by applying pressure or vibration

A

compaction

33
Q

accumulated layers of sediment is called:

A

strata or beds

34
Q

fossils are found in which type of rock?

A

sedimentary

35
Q

this type of rock is formed by preexisting igneous, sedimentary and/or metamorphic rock

A

metamorphic rock

36
Q

what are the (2) degrees of metamorphism?

A

Low-grade: slight changes

High-grade: obliteration of original features

37
Q

what are the (3) metamorphic agents

A

HEAT

PRESSURE (stress)
– confining pressure (burial)
– differential stress (mountain building)

CHEMICALLY ACTIVE FLUIDS
– mainly water and other volatiles
– promote recrystallization by enhancing ion migration

38
Q

foliation in metamorphic textures are characterized by:

A

flat arrangement of mineral grains or structures

minerals are perpendicular to the compressional force

common: slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss

39
Q

Non-foliation in metamorphic textures is characterized by:

A

containing equidimensional crystals

resembles a coarse-grained igneous rock

common: quartzite, marble

40
Q

metallic mineral resources are produced by (___) and (___) processes

A

igneous, metamorphic

41
Q

most important ore deposits are generated from (___) solutions

A

hydrothermal

42
Q

the two broad groups of nonmetallic mineral resources are:

A

Building materials (e.g., limestone, gypsum)

Industrial minerals (e.g., fluorite, corundum, sylvite)

43
Q

this black, sedimentary is used as an energy source by burning energy stored by plants millions of years ago

A

coal

44
Q

this energy source is made from the remains of marine plants and animals

A

oil and natural gas

45
Q

What is the name of the geological environment that allows oil and gas to accumulate?

A

oil trap

46
Q

What are the 2 basic features of an Oil Trap?

A

reservoir rock
–porous and permeable
– yields oil and gas in significant quantities

Cap rock
– impermeable
– keeps oil and gas from surface escape

47
Q

What are the common oil traps?

A

anticlines

faults

salt domes

stratigraphic

48
Q

what are the (3) big steps of Hydraulic Fracturing?

A

1) injection of water, sand and chemicals at high pressure into a well

2) the pressure mixture creates new cracks in the rock layer. the cracks are held open by the sand grains

3) when pressure is released hydraulic fracturing fluid (waste water) and natural gas flows to the surface

Earth Science 001 (5 decks)

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