Chp.3) Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth [lecture]

Question 1

crystallization above or below ground forms this type of rock?

Answer 1

igneous rock

Question 2

a breakdown of a material at the earth’s surface is called:

Answer 2

weathering

Question 3

solid particles produced through weathering are called:

Answer 3

sediment

Question 4

the conversion of sediments through compaction and crystallization by groundwater to form sedimentary rock is called:

Answer 4

lithification

Question 5

changes due to high temperatures and pressures below ground to form metamorphic rock is called:

Answer 5

metamorphism

Question 6

What are the 5 components of the rock cycle?

Answer 6

1) Melting
2) Cooling, crystallization
3) Weathering
4) Lithification
5) Metamorphism

Question 7

what are 4 examples of the possible, alternate paths of the Rock Cycle

Answer 7

1) sedimentary rock melts
2) igneous rock is metamorphosed
3) sedimentary rock is weathered
4) metamorphic rock is weathered

Question 8

rocks formed inside the earth are called:

Answer 8

plutonic/intrusive rocks

Question 9

rocks formed on the surface (by lava) are called:

Answer 9

volcanic/extrusive rocks

Question 10

a material similar to magma, but without gas

Answer 10

Lava

Question 11

what is arranged in orderly patterns during cooling (of rocks)?

Answer 11

ions

Question 12

crystal size is determined by the rate of (___)?

Answer 12

cooling

Question 13

in silicates, a slow rate of cooling forms:

Answer 13

large crystals

Question 14

in silicates, a fast rate of cooling forms:

Answer 14

microscopic crystals

Question 15

in silicates, a very fast rate of cooling forms:

Answer 15

glass

Question 16

granitic (Felsic) compositions are richer in:

Answer 16

light-silicates

Question 17

Basaltic (Mafic) compositions are richer in:

Answer 17

dark-silicates

Question 18

igneous rock with fine-grained texture is a result of:

Answer 18

fast rate of cooling

Question 19

igneous rock with coarse-grained texture is a result of:

Answer 19

slow rate of cooling

Question 20

igneous rock with porphyritic (two crystal sizes) texture is a result of:

Answer 20

two rates of cooling

Question 21

igneous rock with glassy texture is a result of:

Answer 21

very fast rate of cooling

Question 22

igneous rock with vesicular texture is a result of:

Answer 22

holes left by gas bubbles

Question 23

igneous rock with pyroclastic texture is a result of:

Answer 23

consolidation of volcanic fragments

Question 24

3 common igneous rocks are:

Answer 24

granitic
andesitic (intermediate)
basaltic

Question 25

granitic rocks are (___) which means they are composed of light-colored silicates - quartz and feldspar common: granite, rhyolite, obsidian

Answer 25

felsic

Question 26

andesitic (intermediate) rocks are a mixture of (___) and (___) compositions common: andesite, diorite

Answer 26

felsic, mafic

Question 27

basaltic rocks are (___) which means they are composed of dark-colored silicates common: basalt, gabbro

Answer 27

mafic

Question 28

What is the composition (rock types) and sequence in which minerals crystallize from magma according to Bowen's Reaction Series?

Answer 28

A.) Ultramafic -- Olivine(1) B.) Mafic -- Pyroxene(2), Amphibole(3) C.) Intermediate -- Biotite(4) D.) Felsic -- K. Feldspar(5), Muscovite(6), Quartz(7)

Question 29

a type of sedimentary rock formed by compacting solid particles from weathering: Common: conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, siltstone, shale

Answer 29

detrital rock

Question 30

These 3 types of sedimentary rocks are derived from ions carried in solutions to lakes and seas common: limestone, gypsum, chert, coal

Answer 30

chemical biochemical organic

Question 31

Lithification by (___) is a process of turning loose sediment into rock by filling the pore space with solid minerals

Answer 31

cementation

Question 32

(___) is a process of reducing air voids or empty spaces between sediments by applying pressure or vibration

Answer 32

compaction

Question 33

accumulated layers of sediment is called:

Answer 33

strata or beds

Question 34

fossils are found in which type of rock?

Answer 34

sedimentary

Question 35

this type of rock is formed by preexisting igneous, sedimentary and/or metamorphic rock

Answer 35

metamorphic rock

Question 36

what are the (2) degrees of metamorphism?

Answer 36

Low-grade: slight changes High-grade: obliteration of original features

Question 37

what are the (3) metamorphic agents

Answer 37

HEAT PRESSURE (stress) -- confining pressure (burial) -- differential stress (mountain building) CHEMICALLY ACTIVE FLUIDS -- mainly water and other volatiles -- promote recrystallization by enhancing ion migration

Question 38

foliation in metamorphic textures are characterized by:

Answer 38

flat arrangement of mineral grains or structures minerals are perpendicular to the compressional force common: slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss

Question 39

Non-foliation in metamorphic textures is characterized by:

Answer 39

containing equidimensional crystals resembles a coarse-grained igneous rock common: quartzite, marble

Question 40

metallic mineral resources are produced by (___) and (___) processes

Answer 40

igneous, metamorphic

Question 41

most important ore deposits are generated from (___) solutions

Answer 41

hydrothermal

Question 42

the two broad groups of nonmetallic mineral resources are:

Answer 42

Building materials (e.g., limestone, gypsum) Industrial minerals (e.g., fluorite, corundum, sylvite)

Question 43

this black, sedimentary is used as an energy source by burning energy stored by plants millions of years ago

Answer 43

coal

Question 44

this energy source is made from the remains of marine plants and animals

Answer 44

oil and natural gas

Question 45

What is the name of the geological environment that allows oil and gas to accumulate?

Answer 45

oil trap

Question 46

What are the 2 basic features of an Oil Trap?

Answer 46

reservoir rock --porous and permeable -- yields oil and gas in significant quantities Cap rock -- impermeable -- keeps oil and gas from surface escape

Question 47

What are the common oil traps?

Answer 47

anticlines faults salt domes stratigraphic

Question 48

what are the (3) big steps of Hydraulic Fracturing?

Answer 48

1) injection of water, sand and chemicals at high pressure into a well 2) the pressure mixture creates new cracks in the rock layer. the cracks are held open by the sand grains 3) when pressure is released hydraulic fracturing fluid (waste water) and natural gas flows to the surface