Chp.3) Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth [lecture] Flashcards
crystallization above or below ground forms this type of rock?
igneous rock
a breakdown of a material at the earth’s surface is called:
weathering
solid particles produced through weathering are called:
sediment
the conversion of sediments through compaction and crystallization by groundwater to form sedimentary rock is called:
lithification
changes due to high temperatures and pressures below ground to form metamorphic rock is called:
metamorphism
What are the 5 components of the rock cycle?
1) Melting
2) Cooling, crystallization
3) Weathering
4) Lithification
5) Metamorphism
what are 4 examples of the possible, alternate paths of the Rock Cycle
1) sedimentary rock melts
2) igneous rock is metamorphosed
3) sedimentary rock is weathered
4) metamorphic rock is weathered
rocks formed inside the earth are called:
plutonic/intrusive rocks
rocks formed on the surface (by lava) are called:
volcanic/extrusive rocks
a material similar to magma, but without gas
Lava
what is arranged in orderly patterns during cooling (of rocks)?
ions
crystal size is determined by the rate of (___)?
cooling
in silicates, a slow rate of cooling forms:
large crystals
in silicates, a fast rate of cooling forms:
microscopic crystals
in silicates, a very fast rate of cooling forms:
glass
granitic (Felsic) compositions are richer in:
light-silicates
Basaltic (Mafic) compositions are richer in:
dark-silicates
igneous rock with fine-grained texture is a result of:
fast rate of cooling
igneous rock with coarse-grained texture is a result of:
slow rate of cooling
igneous rock with porphyritic (two crystal sizes) texture is a result of:
two rates of cooling
igneous rock with glassy texture is a result of:
very fast rate of cooling
igneous rock with vesicular texture is a result of:
holes left by gas bubbles
igneous rock with pyroclastic texture is a result of:
consolidation of volcanic fragments
3 common igneous rocks are:
granitic
andesitic (intermediate)
basaltic
granitic rocks are (___) which means they are composed of light-colored silicates - quartz and feldspar
common: granite, rhyolite, obsidian
felsic
andesitic (intermediate) rocks are a mixture of (___) and (___) compositions
common: andesite, diorite
felsic, mafic
basaltic rocks are (___) which means they are composed of dark-colored silicates
common: basalt, gabbro
mafic
What is the composition (rock types) and sequence in which minerals crystallize from magma according to Bowen’s Reaction Series?
A.) Ultramafic – Olivine(1)
B.) Mafic – Pyroxene(2), Amphibole(3)
C.) Intermediate – Biotite(4)
D.) Felsic – K. Feldspar(5), Muscovite(6), Quartz(7)
a type of sedimentary rock formed by compacting solid particles from weathering:
Common: conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, siltstone, shale
detrital rock
These 3 types of sedimentary rocks are derived from ions carried in solutions to lakes and seas
common: limestone, gypsum, chert, coal
chemical
biochemical
organic
Lithification by (___) is a process of turning loose sediment into rock by filling the pore space with solid minerals
cementation
(___) is a process of reducing air voids or empty spaces between sediments by applying pressure or vibration
compaction
accumulated layers of sediment is called:
strata or beds
fossils are found in which type of rock?
sedimentary
this type of rock is formed by preexisting igneous, sedimentary and/or metamorphic rock
metamorphic rock
what are the (2) degrees of metamorphism?
Low-grade: slight changes
High-grade: obliteration of original features
what are the (3) metamorphic agents
HEAT
PRESSURE (stress)
– confining pressure (burial)
– differential stress (mountain building)
CHEMICALLY ACTIVE FLUIDS
– mainly water and other volatiles
– promote recrystallization by enhancing ion migration
foliation in metamorphic textures are characterized by:
flat arrangement of mineral grains or structures
minerals are perpendicular to the compressional force
common: slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss
Non-foliation in metamorphic textures is characterized by:
containing equidimensional crystals
resembles a coarse-grained igneous rock
common: quartzite, marble
metallic mineral resources are produced by (___) and (___) processes
igneous, metamorphic
most important ore deposits are generated from (___) solutions
hydrothermal
the two broad groups of nonmetallic mineral resources are:
Building materials (e.g., limestone, gypsum)
Industrial minerals (e.g., fluorite, corundum, sylvite)
this black, sedimentary is used as an energy source by burning energy stored by plants millions of years ago
coal
this energy source is made from the remains of marine plants and animals
oil and natural gas
What is the name of the geological environment that allows oil and gas to accumulate?
oil trap
What are the 2 basic features of an Oil Trap?
reservoir rock
–porous and permeable
– yields oil and gas in significant quantities
Cap rock
– impermeable
– keeps oil and gas from surface escape
What are the common oil traps?
anticlines
faults
salt domes
stratigraphic
what are the (3) big steps of Hydraulic Fracturing?
1) injection of water, sand and chemicals at high pressure into a well
2) the pressure mixture creates new cracks in the rock layer. the cracks are held open by the sand grains
3) when pressure is released hydraulic fracturing fluid (waste water) and natural gas flows to the surface
