Chp.2) Matter and Minerals [book]

Question 1

a group of the same kind of atoms

Answer 1

element

Question 2

any naturally occurring inorganic solid that possesses an orderly crystalline structure and can be represented by a chemical formula

Answer 2

mineral

Question 3

Mineral Characteristics (5)

Answer 3

1. naturally occurring
2. solid substance
3. orderly crystalline structure
4. generally inorganic
5. can be represented by a chemical formula

Question 4

any solid mass of mineral, or mineral-like, matter that occurs naturally as part of our planet

Answer 4

rock

Question 5

Most elements tend to join with atoms of other elements to form (___). Most minerals are (___) of atoms of two or more elements

Answer 5

chemical compounds

Question 6

this states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence electrons

Answer 6

octet rule

Question 7

the transfer or sharing of electrons that allows each atom to attain a full valence shell of electrons

Answer 7

chemical bonding

Question 8

positively and negatively charged atoms

Answer 8

ions

Question 9

In this type of chemical bond, atoms transfer electrons from one to another. This creates ions (charged atoms) that attract each other because of opposite charges

Answer 9

ionic bond

Question 10

a chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms

Answer 10

covalent bond

Question 11

in this type of chemical bond, the valence electrons are free to move from one atom to another so that all atoms share the available valence electrons

Answer 11

metallic bond

Question 12

the total number of protons and neutrons of an atom

Answer 12

mass number

Question 13

atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Answer 13

isotopes

Question 14

the appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral

Answer 14

luster

Question 15

When no light is transmitted, the mineral is described as:

Answer 15

opaque

Question 16

when light, but not an image, is transmitted through a mineral it is said to be:

Answer 16

translucent

Question 17

When both light and an image are visible through the sample, the mineral is described as

Answer 17

transparent

Question 18

The color of the mineral in powdered form

Answer 18

streak

Question 19

the common or characteristic shape of a crystal or aggregate of crystals

Answer 19

habit/crystal shape

Question 20

a measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching

Answer 20

hardness

Question 21

a mineral’s toughness, or its resistance to \ breaking or deforming

Answer 21

tenacity

Question 22

A numerical value of hardness can be obtained by using the (___) of hardness, which consists of 10 minerals arranged in order from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest)

Answer 22

Mohs scale

Question 23

the tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding. Produces flat, shiny surfaces. Not all minerals have this trait

Answer 23

cleavage

Question 24

Minerals having chemical bonds that are equally, or nearly equally, strong in all directions exhibit a property called:

Answer 24

fracture

Question 25

the most common mineral group:

Answer 25

silicates

Question 26

Because other mineral groups are far less abundant in Earth’s crust than the silicates, they are often grouped together under the heading:

Answer 26

nonsilicates

Question 27

density of a mineral; a number representing the ratio of a mineral’s weight to the weight of an equal volume of water

Answer 27

specific gravity

Question 28

generally light in color and have a specific gravity of about 2.7, which is considerably less than the dark (ferromagnesian) silicates

Answer 28

light silicates/non-ferromagnesium

Question 29

the most plentiful silicate group

Answer 29

feldspar

Question 30

minerals containing ions of iron (iron = ferro) and/or magnesium in their structure, generally dark in color and specific gravity between 3.2 and 3.6

Answer 30

dark silicates/ferromagnesium

Question 31

useful metallic minerals that can be mined at a profit

Answer 31

ore

Question 32

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Answer 32

atomic number

Question 33

the electrons that reside in the outermost shell surrounding an atomic nucleus

Answer 33

valence electrons

Question 34

an important property of matter, is defined as mass per unit volume

Answer 34

density

Question 35

What are the 3 main types of chemical bonds?

Answer 35

1) Ionic 2) Covalent 3)Metallic

Question 36

what are the 2 basic categories of Luster?

Answer 36

metallic and nonmetallic

Question 37

what are the 5 basic silicate structures?

Answer 37

1) independent tetrahedrons 2) single chain 3) double chain 4) sheet structure 5) three-dimensional framework