Chp.2) Matter and Minerals [book] Flashcards
a group of the same kind of atoms
element
any naturally occurring inorganic solid that possesses an orderly crystalline structure and can be represented by a chemical formula
mineral
Mineral Characteristics (5)
- naturally occurring
- solid substance
- orderly crystalline structure
- generally inorganic
- can be represented by a chemical formula
any solid mass of mineral, or mineral-like, matter that occurs naturally as part of our planet
rock
Most elements tend to join with atoms of other elements to form (___). Most minerals are (___) of atoms of two or more elements
chemical compounds
this states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence electrons
octet rule
the transfer or sharing of electrons that allows each atom to attain a full valence shell of electrons
chemical bonding
positively and negatively charged atoms
ions
In this type of chemical bond, atoms transfer electrons from one to another. This creates ions (charged atoms) that attract each other because of opposite charges
ionic bond
a chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between atoms
covalent bond
in this type of chemical bond, the valence electrons are free to move from one atom to another so that all atoms share the available valence electrons
metallic bond
the total number of protons and neutrons of an atom
mass number
atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
isotopes
the appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral
luster
When no light is transmitted, the mineral is described as:
opaque
when light, but not an image, is transmitted through a mineral it is said to be:
translucent
When both light and an image are visible through the sample, the mineral is described as
transparent
The color of the mineral in powdered form
streak
the common or characteristic shape of a crystal or aggregate of crystals
habit/crystal shape
a measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching
hardness
a mineral’s toughness, or its resistance to \ breaking or deforming
tenacity
A numerical value of hardness can be obtained by using the (___) of hardness, which consists of 10 minerals arranged in order from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest)
Mohs scale
the tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding. Produces flat, shiny surfaces. Not all minerals have this trait
cleavage
Minerals having chemical bonds that are equally, or nearly equally, strong in all directions exhibit a property called:
fracture
the most common mineral group:
silicates
Because other mineral groups are far less abundant in Earth’s crust than the silicates, they are often grouped together under the heading:
nonsilicates
density of a mineral;
a number representing the ratio of a mineral’s weight to the weight of an equal volume of water
specific gravity
generally light in color and have a specific gravity of about 2.7, which is considerably less than the dark (ferromagnesian) silicates
light silicates/non-ferromagnesium
the most plentiful silicate group
feldspar
minerals containing ions of iron (iron = ferro) and/or magnesium in their structure, generally dark in color and specific gravity between 3.2 and 3.6
dark silicates/ferromagnesium
useful metallic minerals that can be mined at a profit
ore
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
atomic number
the electrons that reside in the outermost shell surrounding an atomic nucleus
valence electrons
an important property of matter, is defined as mass per unit volume
density
What are the 3 main types of chemical bonds?
1) Ionic
2) Covalent
3)Metallic
what are the 2 basic categories of Luster?
metallic and nonmetallic
what are the 5 basic silicate structures?
1) independent tetrahedrons
2) single chain
3) double chain
4) sheet structure
5) three-dimensional framework
