chp3 phonology

Question 1

phonology

Answer 1

the study of how sounds are organized within a language and how they interact with each other.

Question 2

phonetic inventories

Answer 2

the sounds that are produced as part of the language and suprasegmental features.

Question 3

Sound substitution

Answer 3

speakers use the sounds of their native language to replace non-native sounds when pronouncing the words of a foreign language.

Question 4

phoneme

Answer 4

set of speech sounds that are perceived to be variants of the same sound

Question 5

allophone

Answer 5

a variation of a phoneme. Different allophones of a phoneme occur in different and predictable phonetic environments. It does not change meaning when substituted.

Question 6

distribution

Answer 6

of a phone is the set of phonetic environments in which it occurs that is the sounds only in the environment of a nasal consonant

Question 7

assimilation

Answer 7

cause a sound or gesture to become more like a neighboring sound or gesture with a respect to some phonetic property.

Question 8

nasal place assimilation

Answer 8

an alveolar nasal assimilates to the place of articulation of a following constant

Question 9

vowel harmony

Answer 9

a back vowel becomes front when preceded by a front vowel in the same word.

Question 10

dissimilation

Answer 10

unlike assimilation which makes sounds more similar rules of dissimilation cause two close or adjacent sounds to become less similar with respect to some property, by means of a change in one or both sounds

Question 11

manner dissimilation

Answer 11

(Greek) : A stop becomes a fricative when followed by another stop.

Question 12

insertion

Answer 12

phonological rules of insertion cause a segment not present at the phonemic level to be added to the phonetic form of a word.

Question 13

Deletion

Answer 13

rules eliminate sound that was present at the phonemic level.

Question 14

deletion (english)

Answer 14

may be deleted in unstressed syllables

Question 15

metathesis

Answer 15

change the order of sounds. in many instances sound methasize in order to make words easier to pronounce or easier to understand.

Question 16

CV metathesis (leti)

Answer 16

when three consecutive consonants occur, the first consonant trades places with the preceding vowel.

Question 17

strengthening

Answer 17

also called fortition make sounds makes sounds stronger. The rule of English aspiration, as stated below, provides an example:

Question 18

Aspiration (English)

Answer 18

Voiceless stops become aspirated when they occur at the beginning of a stressed syllable.

Question 19

Weakening

Answer 19

Rules of weakening (also called lenition) cause sounds to become weaker. The “ flapping “ rule of English, discussed in 3.3.1, is an example of weakening. [r] is considered to be a weaker sound than [t] or [d] because it is shorter and it obstructs air less.

Question 20

Flapping (English)

Answer 20

An alveolar (oral) stop is realized as [r] when it occurs after a stressed vowel and before an unstressed vowel.

Question 21

Diphthong-raising (some English dialects)

Answer 21

The diphthong is pronuced as when it occurs before a voiceless sound of the diphthong is “ raised “ to the mid vowel before a voiceless consonant.

Question 22

obligatory english

Answer 22

rules include inspiration, vowel nasalization, vowel lengthening, and liquid and glide devoicing.

Question 23

optional phonological rules

Answer 23

on the other hand, may or may not apply in any given utterance. Optional rules are responsible for variation in speech:

Question 24

maximally distinct

Answer 24

kind of syllable that is most useful in transmitting messsages in language is composed.

Question 25

near-minimal pairs

Answer 25

recall that minimal pair is a pair of words differing in meaning but phonetically identical except for one sound in the same position in each word.