chp14 metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the goal of cellular respiration + how it does it

A

Είναι η παραγωγή ενέργειας με τη μορφή ATP που γίνεται με δύο τρόπους:
1. οξειδωτική φωσφορυλίωση —> NAD και FAD
2. Φωσφορυλίωση σε επίπεδο υποστρώματος —-> κατά την οποία ένα υπόστρωμα χάνει μια φωσφορική ομάδα, η οποία αντιδρά με το ADP για να σχηματίσει ATP.

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2
Q

what enzyme is involved in ATP production and how is it made available to react

A

Την ώρα που περνάμε τα Η+ από την ATP συνθετάση περιστρέφεται η εσωτερική ράβδος της ATP συνθετάση και ενεργοποιούνται καταλυτικές θέσεις που θα συνθέτουν το ATP

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3
Q

how is ATP produced in oxidative phosphorylation

A

Οξειδώνεται το NADH και FADH2 και με την ενέργεια που δημιουργείται εν τέλει φωσφορυλιώνεται το ADP+ Pi —-> ATP

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4
Q

what’s the final oxygen acceptor in aerobic resp + what are the final products

A

Τελικός δέκτης οξυγόνο στην αεροβικη αναπνοη είναι το μοριακό ατμοσφαιρικό οξυγόνο, με αποτέλεσμα τα προϊόντα την αναπνοή να είναι:
- ATP
- H2O
- NAD+
- FAD

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5
Q

describe the process of production of 36 ATP

A

Τα ηλεκτρόνια από την οξείδωση του NADH + FADH2 κινούνται διαμέσου των διαφόρων συμπλοκών και η κίνηση τους απελευθερωνεί ενέργεια, έτσι τα σύμπλοκα λειτουργούν σαν αντλίες, οι οποίες μεταφέρουν πρωτόνια από τη μήτρα μέσω του μεσομεμβρανικό χώρο.

Έτσι για να επανέλθει ξανά η ισορροπία πρέπει τα πρωτόνια να περάσουν από την ATP συνθετάση, καθώς περνάνε από απελευθερώνεται ενέργεια, γυρίζει και ο ρότορας της ATP συνθετάση και δημιουργούνται θέσεις καταλυτικές για το ADP + Pi.

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6
Q

what do anaerobic and aerobic respiration have in common

A

Η παραγωγή 2 ATP από γλυκόλυση

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7
Q

what are the final e- acceptors in anaerobic resp?

A

Organic compounds

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8
Q

describe the steps to aerobic respiration

A
  1. Glucose does glycolysis which is a substrate level phosphorylation to produce 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 pyruvate
  2. The 2 pyruvate go through pyruvate decarboxylation and lose 2NADH to form 2 Acetyl- coA
  3. Acetyl- coA reduced NAD, so the electrons lost go through the electron transport chain (ETC) —> O2 + e- —-> H2O (final electron acceptor)
  4. Then at the same time the Krebs cycle is occurring which produces 2ATP, 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2.
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9
Q

how much ATP is made from aerobic cellular respiration

A

30-32 ATP

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10
Q

what’s another goal of celullar resp

A

Να μαζέψουμε NADH + FADH2

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11
Q

what is the acetyl- coA reaction

A

CH3COCOOH + NAD+ + coA —-> reduces NAD+

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12
Q

what are the total products from 1 glucose

A
  • 10 NADH2
  • 2 FADH2
  • 4ATP
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13
Q

how much ATP is acquired from NADH and FADH2

A

NADH —> 3 ATP
FADH2 —> 2ATP

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14
Q

describe from each of the 3 steps of aerobic resp the products

A

Glycolysis —> 4ATP from NADH
Oxidative phosphorylation —-> 6ATP from NADH
Krebs cycle —-> 18 ATP from 6NADH + 4ATP from FADH2
Total —> 36 ATP

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15
Q

what are the 2 types of anaerobic resp

A
  1. Ethanol fermentation
  2. Lactic acid fermentation
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16
Q

describe the ethanol fermentation process

A
  1. Glucose turns into 2 pyruvate by changing 2 ADP into 2ATP and by changing 2NAD+ into 2NADH.
  2. The 2 CH3COCOOH lose CO2 and becomes αιθανάλη ή ακεταλδεύδη (= final electron acceptor), by changing 2NADH to 2NAD+
  3. Then the final product ethanol is made ( CH3CH2OH)
17
Q

describe the ethanol fermentation process

A
  1. Glucose turns into 2 pyruvate by changing 2 ADP into 2ATP and by changing 2NAD+ into 2NADH.
  2. The 2 CH3COCOOH lose CO2 and becomes αιθανάλη ή ακεταλδεύδη (= final electron acceptor), by changing 2NADH to 2NAD+
  3. Then the final product ethanol is made ( CH3CH2OH)
18
Q

Describe the process of lactic acid fermentation

A
  1. Glucose turns into 2 pyruvate by changing 2NAD+ to 2NADH
  2. The 2 pyruvate turns into lactic acid by reducing2NADH into 2NAD+.
19
Q

How much ATP is made from the anaerobic reactions

A

2 ATP

20
Q

what is the glycolysis reaction

A

Glucose + NAD+ + ADP + Pi —-> CH3COCOOH + NADH + ATP + H2O

21
Q

compare anaerobic and aerobic

A

Aerobic:
- Reactants: Glucose + O2
- Products: CO2 + H2O
- Rate: slow
- ATP released 36

Anaerobic:
- Reactants: Glucose
- Products: Lactic acid or ethanol
- Rate: fast
- ATP released 2

22
Q

what are the final electron acceptors

A

Aerobic - O2
Ethanol fermentation - acetaldehyde
Lactic acid fermentation - pyruvic acid (pyruvate)