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Anatomy > Chp. 7 Muscular System > Flashcards

Chp. 7 Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

contractile tissue that comprises the muscles in the walls of internal organs

A

smooth muscle

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2
Q

cardiac muscle

A

heart muscle consisting of striated muscle cells that interlock

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3
Q

skeletal muscle

A

contractile tissue that comprises the muscles attached to the skeleton

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4
Q

striated

A

has stripes

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5
Q

intercalated disk

A

membranous boundary between adjacent cardiac muscle cells

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6
Q

muscle

A

soft tissues

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7
Q

fascicle

A

small bundle of muscle fibers

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8
Q

muscle fiber

A

muscle cell

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9
Q

epimysium

A

top layer of connective tissue in a muscle

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10
Q

perimyseum

A

middle layer of connective tissue in a muscle

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11
Q

endomysium

A

lower layer of connective tissue in a muscle

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12
Q

tendon

A

tissue that connects muscle to bone

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13
Q

myofibril

A

Contractile portion of muscles fibers

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14
Q

actin

A

one of the two major proteins of muscles; makes up thin myofilaments in myofibrils of muscles cells

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15
Q

myosin

A

thick myofilament in myofibrils that is made of protein and is capable of breaking down ATP

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16
Q

thin filament

A

filament made up of actin

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17
Q

thick filament

A

filament made up of myosin

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18
Q

synaptic cleft

A

small gap between the synaptic knob on one neuron and the dendrite on another neutron

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19
Q

neurotransmitter

A

Chemical made at the ends of axons that is responsible for transmission across a synapse

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20
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter secreted at the ends of many neurons; responsible for the transmission of a nerve impulse across a synaptic cleft

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21
Q

troponin

A

a globular protein complex involved in muscle contraction. It occurs with tropomyosin in the thin filaments of muscle tissue.

22
Q

tropomyosin

A

a protein involved in muscle contraction. It is related to myosin and occurs together with troponin in the thin filaments of muscle tissue.

23
Q

power stroke

A

When actin pulls during the contraction cycle

24
Q

creatine phosphate

A

the main high-energy, phosphate-storage molecule of muscle

25
Q

cellular respiration

A

the process by which organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules to get chemical energy for cell functions

26
Q

fermentation

A

glucose turns into lactic acid and produces 2 ATP

27
Q

lactic acid

A

a chemical your body produces when your cells break down carbohydrates for energy

28
Q

all-or-none law

A

a muscle fiber contracts completely or not at all

29
Q

muscle twitch

A

a single contraction that lasts only a fraction of a second

30
Q

motor unit

A

a nerve fiber together with all of the muscles fibers it innervates; obeys all-or-none law b/c all fibers are stimulated at once

31
Q

recruitment

A

increase in the number of motor units activated as intensity of stimulation increases

32
Q

atrophy

A

wasting away or decrease in sized of an organ or tissue

33
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in muscle size

34
Q

origin

A

end of a muscle that is attached to a relatively immovable part

35
Q

insertion

A

end of a muscle that is attached to a movable part

36
Q

prime mover

A

muscle most directly responsible for a particular movement

37
Q

synergist

A

muscle that assists the action of the prime mover

38
Q

antagonist

A

muscle that acts in opposition to a prime mover

39
Q

Muscles contract when the thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments move past each other, shortening the skeletal muscle cells

A

What is the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?

40
Q

SMOOTH:
- cells are tapered and rod shaped; not striated; 1 nucleus
- involuntary, rhythmic
CARDIAC:
- cells are branched and striated; 1 nucleus; intercalated disks
- involuntary, rhythmic, strong contractions
SKELETAL:
- cells are striated; multiple nuclei
- voluntary; strong contractions

A

What are the differences the three types of muscles?

41
Q

SMOOTH:
- internal organ walls, blood vessels
CARDIAC:
- heart
SKELETAL:
-attached to skeleton

A

Where are the three types of muscles located?

42
Q
  1. support the body and oppose gravity
  2. movement
  3. facial expressions
  4. help move fluid through lymphatic vessels and veins
  5. protection
  6. joints
  7. homeostasis
A

What are the functions of muscles?

43
Q

A motor unit innervate

A

How are muscle fibers innervated?

44
Q

During muscle contraction, the myosin head groups attach to actin and pull the mtoward the center of the sarcomere, which causes the sarcomere to shorten.

A

How do muscle fibers contract?

45
Q
  1. Creatine phosphate
  2. Respiration
  3. Fermentation
  4. Free ATP (used up in seconds)
A

Identify the sources of ATP used in muscle contraction.

46
Q

SLOW-TWITCH:
- aerobic
- type 1 fibers
- steady power
-endurance
FAST-TWITCH:
- anaerobic
- type 2 fibers
- explosive power
- fatigues easily

A

Contrast slow-twitch and fast-twitch muscle fibers.

47
Q

muscle mass and strength is replaced by connective tissue, which is eventually replaced by fat; mitochondria degenerates with age; endurance decreases

A

How do muscles change as we age?

48
Q

Frontalis

A

wrinkles skin of forehead, elevates eyebrows; draws scalp anteriorly

49
Q

Orbicularis oculi

A

depresses upper eyelid, elevates lower eyelid, tightens skin around eyes

50
Q

Nasalis

A

compresses bridge, depresses tip of nose; elevates corners of nostrils

51
Q

Masseter

A

elevates mandible and closes jaw

52
Q

Temporalis

A

elevates and retracts mandible

Anatomy (3 decks)

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