Chp 6 Skeletal Flashcards
Skeletal 5 basic functions
support- framework
protection- internal organs
attachment sites for skeletal muscles- for joints
production of formed elements- red bone marrow in spongy bone produces formed elements
mineral storage- storage of large amount of Ca
6 types of bone
short bone (trapezoid)
long bone (humerus)
sutural bone (skull)
flat bone (sternum)
irregular bone
(vertebra)
sesamoid bone (patella)
What is the difference between diaphysis and epiphysis?
Diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone; epiphyses are the enlarged ends.
gross structure and microstructure of flat bone
a flat bone is composed of two thin layers of compact bone surrounding a layer of spongy bone, with no distinct medullary cavity, and serves mainly for muscle attachment and protection of organs
What is intramembranous ossification
The process where connective tissue is directly replaced by bone (e.g., skull bones).
What is endochondral ossification?
The process where cartilage is replaced by bone (e.g., long bones).
What are osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and how do they function?
Osteoblasts build bone; osteoclasts break down bone.
What are the two main divisions of the skeleton?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
What bones make up the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
What bones make up the vertebral column?
Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum, coccyx.
What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
Clavicle and scapula.
What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
two pectoral girdles, a pelvic girdle, and the bones of the limbs
What bones make up the pelvic girdle?
three coxal / hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis)
What are the differences between the pectoral and pelvic girdles?
The pectoral girdle is more flexible for arm movement; the pelvic girdle is stronger for weight-bearing.
What are the three main types of joints?
Fibrous (immovable), cartilaginous (slightly movable), synovial (freely movable).
What are examples of fibrous joints?
Sutures, gomphoses (teeth sockets), syndesmoses.
What are examples of cartilaginous joints?
Epiphyseal plates, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis.
What are examples of synovial joints?
Shoulder (ball and socket), knee (hinge), wrist (condyloid), elbow (hinge), thumb (saddle), pivot (neck).
freely movable joint that allows for smooth and flexible movement between bones.
What are the types of movements at synovial joints?
Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction, supination, pronation, inversion, eversion.
What are common bone disorders?
Fractures: inompete, greenstick, fissured, comminutes, segmental, transverse, oblique, spiral
osteomyelitis: inflammation of bone and bone marrow,
osteoporosis: tweaking of bone ,
rickets: not enough a salt in bone
What are common joint disorders?
Arthritis, dislocation, herniated discs,
abnormal spinal curvatures: scoliosis, hyperkyphosis: hunchback, hyperlordosis: swaybak,
sprains.
Describe the major surface features of projections of bones and their importance.
Projections: Serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments. Examples:
Tuberosity – Large, rounded projection (e.g., tibial tuberosity).
Crest – Prominent ridge (e.g., iliac crest).
Trochanter – Large, blunt projection on femur.
Epicondyle – Raised area above a condyle.
Spine – Sharp, slender projection (e.g., scapular spine).
Describe the major surface features of depressions and openings of bones and their importance.
Depressions and Openings: Allow blood vessels and nerves to pass through. Examples:
Foramen – Round or oval opening (e.g., foramen magnum in skull).
Fossa – Shallow depression (e.g., olecranon fossa of humerus).
Meatus – Canal-like passageway (e.g., external auditory meatus).
Sinus – Cavity within a bone (e.g., frontal sinus).
Describe the major surface features of articulating surfaces of bones and their importance.
Articulating Surfaces: Form joints by connecting with other bones. Examples:
Head – Rounded bony expansion on a narrow neck (e.g., head of femur).
Condyle – Smooth, rounded articular surface (e.g., femoral condyles).
Facet – Smooth, flat surface for articulation (e.g., vertebral facets).
