Ch 2-4 Chemical, Cellular, and Tissue Organization Flashcards
What is the basic structure of an atom?
An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in orbitals.
Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter.
What does a chemical formula represent?
A chemical formula indicates the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule.
It uses element symbols and numerical subscripts.
What is the difference between inorganic substances and organic molecules?
Inorganic substances typically do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds, while organic molecules contain carbon and are usually associated with living organisms.
Examples of inorganic substances include salts and water.
Why is water important for the body?
Water is essential for biochemical reactions, temperature regulation, and transporting substances.
It is found in blood, cells, and interstitial fluid.
What is the purpose of the pH scale?
The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
It ranges from 0 (acidic) to 14 (alkaline), with 7 being neutral.
Name the four main types of macromolecules in the body.
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
Each type has distinct roles in biological processes.
What are human cells?
Human cells are the basic structural and functional units of the human body, capable of performing various functions.
They vary in size, shape, and function.
What are the main parts of a generalized cell?
- Plasma membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
Each part has specific functions vital for cell operation.
What is the difference between passive and active transport?
Passive transport does not require energy and moves substances down their concentration gradient, while active transport requires energy to move substances against their gradient.
Examples include diffusion (passive) and sodium-potassium pump (active).
What is cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
It is crucial for ATP production.
What are the four basic types of tissue?
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
Each type has unique structures and functions.
What are the distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissues?
Epithelial tissues are characterized by closely packed cells, minimal extracellular matrix, and polarity (apical and basal surfaces).
They also have a high regenerative capacity.
What are the distinguishing characteristics of connective tissue?
Connective tissues have a diverse range of cell types, abundant extracellular matrix, and functions in support, binding, and protection.
Types include loose, dense, adipose, and blood.
What are the distinguishing characteristics of muscle tissue?
Muscle tissues are characterized by contractility, excitability, and the ability to generate force. Types include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
Each type has specific locations and functions.
What are the distinguishing characteristics of nerve tissue?
Nerve tissue is composed of neurons and glial cells, characterized by excitability and the ability to transmit electrical impulses.
It plays a critical role in communication within the body.
What are the locations and functions of epithelial membranes?
- Mucous membranes: line cavities open to the exterior, produce mucus
- Serous membranes: line closed body cavities, produce serous fluid
- Cutaneous membranes: skin, protect underlying structures
Epithelial membranes play roles in protection and secretion.
