Chp 52 Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
when are parenteral injectables chosen over other methods
A
- pt unable to tolerate meds by moth
- other routes don’t give desired effect quickly/predictably
- oral meds would be destroyed by GI
- continuous delivery required for outcome
2
Q
what syringe types do MAs commonly use
A
insulin, 3 mL, TB
3
Q
where should you avoid giving injections
A
in affected arm of pts that had surgery to remove lymph nodes in armpit
4
Q
what are mild/moderate reactions to injections
A
fever, pain, soreness @ site, hot feeling @ site, site redness
5
Q
what are types of vaccination injury
A
anaphylaxis, shoulder injury, encephalitis
6
Q
what is the needle angle for IM
A
90 degrees
7
Q
what is the needle angle for SubQ injections
A
45 degrees
8
Q
what is the needle angle for IV
A
25 degrees
9
Q
what is the needle angle for intradermals
A
10-15 degrees
10
Q
purpose of intradermals
A
allergy & TB testing
11
Q
what is the size for intradermals
A
26G or 27G & 3/8-5/8 in
12
Q
what are the preferred sites for intradermals
A
anterior forearm & mid-back
13
Q
what is the size for subQ
A
25G to 27G & 1/2-5/8 in
14
Q
what are the purpose for subQ injections
A
allergy injections, insulin, & immunizations
15
Q
what are the preferred sites for subQ injections
A
deltoid, abdomen, and upper thigh
16
Q
what is generally the dosage limit for subQs
A
2 mL
17
Q
what is the size of needles used for IMs
A
18G-23G & 1-3 in
18
Q
thicker meds require _____ gauges
A
smaller
19
Q
when the diameter of the lumen increases, the gauge number _______
A
decreases
20
Q
what meds are given IM
A
- large doses
- oil/non-water based
- thicker meds
21
Q
what is the dosage range for IMs
A
0.5-3 mL
22
Q
what are the preferred sites for IMs
A
- deltoid
- ventrogluteal
- vastus lateralis
- dorsogluteal
23
Q
what positions should a pt be in to receive a ventrogluteal IM
A
- lie on side
- prone on table w/toes pointed inward/lean over treatment table & stand on non-injection site leg
24
Q
what positions should a pt be in to receive a vastus lateralis IM
A
- sit
- lay in horizontal recumbent position
25
what are factors for IM injections
- pt size
- pt age
- viscosity of meds
- muscular density
26
what are preferred injection sites for kids and infants
vastus lateralis
27
what should be done when giving injections to kids/infants
gentle aspiration between 5-10 seconds
28
define the Vaccines for Children Program (VFC)
federally funded program for kids unable to pay for vaccines
29
define NATURAL IMMUNITY
inborn or from illness
30
define ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY
from vaccines
31
what are the 3 types of vaccines
- live attenuated/changed pathogens
- pathogenic toxin
- killed pathogen
32
define a live attenuated/changed pathogens vaccine
pathogen altered/weakened then injected to stimulate body to produce antibodies
33
define a pathogenic toxin vaccine
produce toxin to kill antibody production
34
define a killed pathogen vaccine
pathogen inactive and injected stimulating antibodies, sometimes requiring several doses
35
give examples of live attenuated/changed pathogens vaccine
varicella & measles
36
give examples of pathogenic toxin vaccine
diptheria & tetanus
37
give examples of killed pathogen vaccine
pertussis, rabies, poliomyeleitis
38
what is the incubation for COVID-19
2-14 days
39
s/s: COVID19
fever, chills, coughs, SOB/difficulty breathing, fatigue, body/muscle aches, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, new loss of taste/smell, sore throat, congestion/runny nose, headache
40
tx: COVID19
- antipyretics, antivirals, & steroids
- hydration
- rest
41
how is influenza transmitted
direct & indirect contact
42
what is the incubation period for influenza
1-4 days
43
s/s: influenza
chills, fever, headache, sore throat, runny nose, cough, muscle aches & pains, malaise, weakness
44
tx: influenza
- bed rest
- fluids
- antipyretics & mild analgesics
45
what is the incubation for pneumonia
1-3 days
46
s/s: pneumonia
severe chills, headache, high fever, chest pain, dyspnea, rapid pulse, cyanosis, cough w/blood-stained sputum
47
tx: pneumonia
- antibiotics
- bed rest
- increased fluid
- analgesics & antipyretics
- oxygen
48
who should get the PCV13 vaccine
- all kids younger than 2
- all ages if certain medical conditions
- some adults at least 65 yrs
49
who should get the PPSV23 vaccine
- all adults at least 65 yrs
- ppl 2-64 yrs with certain conditions
- ppl 19-64 yrs who smoke
50
how is haemophilus influenza type B (HiB) transmitted
direct/indirect contact
51
what is Hib caused by
bacteria
52
s/s: Hib
fever, sore throat, cough, muscle aches, weakness, no appetite, irritability, general malaise
53
tx: Hib
- bed rest
- increased fluids
- antipyretics, antibodies, & analgesics
54
complications of Hib?
meningitis & epiglottis
55
describe the vaccine for Hib (the timing)
series of 2 or 3 subQ/IM injections generally at 2, 4, and 6 months
56
how is measles transmitted
direct & indirect contact
57
s/s: measles
fever, malaise, runny nose, cough, conjunctivitis, loss of appetite, photosensitivity, sore throat, Koplik's spots, red blotchy rash
58
complications of measles?
deafness, brain damage, & pneumonia
59
tx: measles
- bed rest
- increased fluids
- antipyretics
- cough medicine
- calamine lotion
60
how is mumps transmitted
direct & indirect contact
61
what is the incubation period for mumps
12-25 days
62
s/s: mumps
chills & fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, loss of appetite, swollen & tender salivary glands below & in front of ear, pain between ear & angle of jaw w/drinking or acidic substances
63
tx: mumps
- bed rest
- soft diet
- increased fluids
64
how is rubella transmitted
direct and indirect contact
65
what is the incubation for rubella
12-23 days
66
s/s: rubella
slight fever, enlarged lymph nodes @ back & base of neck, arthralgia, diffuse/fine/red rash
67
tx: rubella
- bed rest
- liquids
- antipyretics
68
complications of rubella?
blindness, deafness, brain damage, heart defects, enlarged liver, bone malformations
69
how is diphtheria transmitted
direct and indirect contact
70
what is the incubation period for diphtheria
2-5 days
71
s/s: diphtheria
headache, malaise, fever, sore throat w/yellowish white/gray membrane
72
tx: diptheria
- adequate liquids
- soft diet
- antibiotics
- bed rest
- tracheostomy (if necessary)
73
how is pertussis transmitted
direct contact
74
in what age group is pertussis common
kids less than 4 yrs
75
what is the incubation period of pertussis
7-10 days
76
s/s: pertussis
increased leukocytes w/lymphocytosis, respiratory drainage, sneezing, slight fever, dry cough, irritability, loss of appetite, violent cough w/whooping inspiration sound, forceful vomiting --> hemorrhaging, decreased coughing, return of appetite, trace cough
77
how is rabies spread
saliva & airborne
78
s/s: rabies
fever, pain, aggressive behavior, hallucination, extreme weakness, thirst
79
tx: rabies
5 injections of vaccine, but fatal when given after symptoms
80
incubation period of tetanus?
3-21 days & 4-5 weeks
81
s/s: tetanus
- stiffness of jaw/esophageal muscles/neck muscles
- fixed jaw
- altered voice
- fever
- painful spasms of all skeletal muscles
- irritability
- headache
82
tx: tetanus
cleansing & debridement of wound, sedation, pharmacologic control of muscle spasms, maintain fluid balance,, tracheostomy, penicillin G, oxygen, quiet environment
83
how is rotavirus transmitted
contact w/infected person
84
s/s: rotavirus
gen asymptomatic & diarrhea that starts and stops
85
tx: rotavirus
hydration & supportive care
86
describe the timing of the RV1 vaccine
2 dose series at 2 & 4 months
87
describe the timing of the RV5 vaccine
3 dose series at 2, 4, 6 months
88
how is varicella transmitted
direct contact & droplets from respiratory
89
aka: varicella
chicken pox
90
incubation of varicella?
2-3 weeks
91
s/s: varicella
highly pruritic rash, fever, headache, loss of appetite, and general malaise
92
tx: varicella
bed rest, liquids, antipyretics, oral/topical antihistamines, antipruritics/paste of baking soda
93
how is hepatitis A transmitted?
- ingesting food/water contaminated w/feces
- direct contact
- raw shellfish/polluted water/sex with someone who has virus
94
s/s: hepatitis A
fatigue, nausea & vomiting, loss of appetite, abdominal pain/discomfort especially in area of liver, low grade fever, dark urine, muscle & joint pain, clay-colored stools, jaundice, asymptomatic
95
describe the vaccine for hepatitis A
2 doses with the 2nd dose given 6 months after 1st dose
96
how is hepatitis B transmitted
bodily fluid, needles/syringes/drugs, mother to baby
97
incubation period for hepatitis B?
60-150 days
98
s/s: hepatitis B
fever, malaise, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, weakness, dark urine, light-colored stool
99
tx: hepatitis B
eliminate alcohol & fats, same as hep A
100
describe the hepatitis B vaccine
1st dose given to neonates whose mothers have not had hep B, 2nd dose at 1-2 months, 3rd dose at 6-18 months, booster at 11-12 yrs
101
describe HPV
over 100 types, gives warts/cancers on mouth/throat/genitals
102
what are the 2 HPV vaccines
cervarix & gardasil
103
who is recommended for HPV vaccine
- all kids 11-12 yrs w/2 shots 6-12 months apart
- kids who get vaccinated at 15-26 yrs will need 3 doses over 6 months
104
who should not get bacterial meningitis vaccine
ppl w/altered immune system, serious condition, or pregnant
105
incubation period for polo?
4-35 days
106
how is polio transmitted
feces of infected person
107
what are the 3 s/s groups of polio
minor/abortive, aseptic meningitis, paralytic poliomyelitis
108
minor/abortive s/s: polio
fever, sore throat, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, flu like symptoms
109
aseptic meningitis s/s: polio
high fever, stiff neck, headache, muscle aches, loss of reflexes, minor illness symptoms
110
paralytic poliomyelitis s/s: polio
paralysis of limbs/urinary control
111
describe the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
IM/SubQ injection, receive at 2-4 months w/additional doses between 6 & 18 months
