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Medical Terminology > Chp. 5 - The Body as a Whole > Flashcards

Chp. 5 - The Body as a Whole Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Organizational Scheme of the Body

A

Atoms/Ions –> Molecules –> Organelle –> Cells –> Tissue –> Organ –> Body System –> Organism

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2
Q

Stem Cells

A

have the ability to divide without limit and give rise to specialized cells

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3
Q

Somatic (Body) Cells

A

account for all the body’s cells except the reproductive cells

have 23 pairs of chromosomes

surrounded by a cell membrane

have a nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles

Ex: nerve, muscle, blood

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4
Q

Tissue

A

groups of cells that perform the same basic activity

Types: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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5
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

forms the covering of both internal and external surfaces

cells are joined by small amounts of cementing substances

Ex: skin and lining of cavities

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6
Q

Connective Tissue

A

supports and binds other body tissue and parts

Ex: bone and fat cells

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7
Q

Muscular Tissue

A

composed of fibers that are able to contract, causing movement of body parts and organs

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8
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

conducts impulses that connect the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body

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9
Q

Organ

A

two or more tissue types that work together to perform one or more functions and form a more complex structure

Ex: skin, stomach, ear

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10
Q

Body System

A

consists of several organs that work together to accomplish a set of functions

Ex: Muscular, Urinary, Endocrine, Digestive

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11
Q

Homeostasis

A

the constant internal environment that is naturally maintained by the body

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12
Q

Major Body Systems

A

Muscular/Skeletal, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive, Integumentary, Nervous, Endocrine

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13
Q

ana-

A

upward, excessive, or again

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14
Q

-plasia

A

development or formation of tissue

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15
Q

aplasia

A

lack of development of an organ or tissue

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16
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal development of tissues, recognized by cells that differ in size, shape, and appearance

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17
Q

hypoplasia

A

underdevelopment of an organ or a tissue

less severe than aplasia

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18
Q

hyperplasia

A

abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in tissue

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19
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in the size of an organ caused by an increase in the size of existing cells rather than the number of cells

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20
Q

anaplasia

A

change in the structure and orientation of cells, characterized by a loss of differentiation and reversal to a more primitive form

characteristic of malignant tumors

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21
Q

anatomic position

A

the position a person is in while standing erect with the arms at the sides and palms forward

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22
Q

Combining Form - anter/o

A

anterior

nearer to or toward the front, ventral

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23
Q

Combining Form - poster/o

A

posterior

nearer to or toward the back, dorsal

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24
Q

Combining Form - ventr/o

A

ventral

belly side, same as anterior surface in humans

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25
Q

Combining Form - dors/o

A

dorsal

directed toward or situated on the back side, same as posterior surface in humans

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26
Q

Combining Form - medi/o

A

medial, median

middle or nearer the middle

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27
Q

Combining Form - later/o

A

lateral

toward the side, farther from the midline of the body or from a structure

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28
Q

Combining Form - super/o

A

superior

uppermost or above

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29
Q

Combining Form - infer/o

A

inferior

lowermost or below

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30
Q

Combining Form - proxim/o

A

proximal

nearer the origin or point of attachment

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31
Q

Combining Form - dist/o

A

distal

far or distant from the origin or point of attachment

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32
Q

Combining Form - cephal/o

A

cephalad

toward the head

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33
Q

Combining Form - caud/o

A

caudad

toward the tail or in an inferior direction in humans

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34
Q

Combining Form - intern/o

A

internal

inside, within

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35
Q

Combining Form - extern/o

A

external

outside

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36
Q

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

A

divides the body into front and back portions

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37
Q

Transverse Plane

A

divides the body into upper and lower portions

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38
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

divides the body into right and left sides

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39
Q

Midsagittal Plane

A

divides the body into two equal halves

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40
Q

prone

A

position of a person who is lying on the belly

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41
Q

supine

A

position of a person who is lying on the back

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42
Q

lateral recumbent (Sims)

A

patient lies on the left side with the right knee and thigh flexed (bent) and the upper limb parallel along the back

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43
Q

recumbent

A

lying down

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44
Q

ambulant

A

describes a person who is able to walk

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45
Q

Body Cavity

A

space within the body that contains internal organs

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46
Q

Two Major Body Cavities

A

dorsal and ventral

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47
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A

located near the posterior part of the body

divided into cranial and spinal cavities

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48
Q

cranial cavity

A

contains the brain

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49
Q

spinal cavity

A

contains the spinal cord and beginnings of the spinal nerves

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50
Q

Ventral Cavity

A

located near the anterior part of the body

subdivided into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

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51
Q

viscera

A

large organs contained in the ventral cavity

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52
Q

diaphragm

A

dome-shaped partition that functions in respiration

divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

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53
Q

peritoneum

A

serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and enfolds the internal organs

secretes a lubricating fluid that allows the organs to glide against one another or against the cavity wall

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54
Q

adhesion

A

sticking together of two structures that are normally separated

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55
Q

Major Regions of the Body

A

Head, Neck, Torso, Extremities

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56
Q

Combining Form - abdomin/o

A

abdomen

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57
Q

Combining Form - acr/o

A

extremities (arms and legs)

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58
Q

Combining Form - cyst/o

A

cyst, bladder, or sac

59
Q

Combining Form - dactyl/o

A

digit (toes, fingers, or both)

60
Q

Combining Form - lapar/o

A

abdominal wall

61
Q

Combining Form - omphal/o, umbilic/o

A

umbilicus (navel)

62
Q

Combining Form - onych/o

A

nail

63
Q

Combining Form - pelv/i

A

pelvis

64
Q

Combining Form - periton/o

A

peritoneum

65
Q

Combining Form - som/a, somat/o

A

body

66
Q

Combining Form - thorac/o

A

chest (thorax)

67
Q

Abdominal Quadrants

A

used to describe the location of pain or body structures

there are four of these

68
Q

RUQ

A

Right Upper Quadrant

69
Q

LUQ

A

Left Upper Quadrant

70
Q

RLQ

A

Right Lower Quadrant

71
Q

LLQ

A

Left Lower Quadrant

72
Q

ascites

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

73
Q

Combining Form - femor/o

A

femur

74
Q

Combining Form - inguin/o

A

groin

75
Q

palmar

A

pertaining to the palm

76
Q

plantar

A

sole or undersurface of the foot

77
Q

Dactylography

A

study of fingerprints

78
Q

chiropody

A

pertaining to the hands and feet

79
Q

onychophagist

A

one who habitually bites the nails

80
Q

interstitial fluid

A

fills the spaces between most of the cells of the body

81
Q

Combining Form - dacry/o, lacrim/o

A

tear, tearing, crying

82
Q

Combining Form - hidr/o

A

sweat or perspiration

83
Q

Combining Form - hydr/o

A

water

84
Q

Combining Form - lymph/o

A

lymph

85
Q

Word Part: -poiesis

A

production

86
Q

Word Part: -poietin

A

substance that causes production

87
Q

Combining Form - sial/o

A

saliva

88
Q

sudoriferous

A

sweat

89
Q

diaphoresis

A

excessive sweating

90
Q

lymph

A

transparent body fluid found in lymphatic vessels

91
Q

mucous

A

pertaining to mucus

secreting, producing, containing, or covered with mucus

92
Q

mucous membrane

A

membranes that line passages and cavities that communicate with air

AKA mucosa

93
Q

abscess

A

localized collection of pus in a cavity surrounded by healthy tissue

94
Q

purulent

A

producing or containing pus

95
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

96
Q

Combining Form - coagul/o

A

coagulation

97
Q

Combining Form - thromb/o

A

clot (thrombus)

98
Q

Suffix: -osis

A

generally, “increased” or “abnormal” when describing cellular components

99
Q

blood platelets

A

small structures in the blood that are important for blood clotting

AKA thrombocytes

100
Q

Hematology

A

the study of blood and blood-forming tissues

101
Q

hemolysis

A

destruction of red blood cells with the liberation of hemoglobin

102
Q

hemodialysis

A

process of diffusing blood through a semipermeable membrane to remove toxic materials from the bodies of persons with impaired kidney function

103
Q

hematoma

A

localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, tissue, or space, resulting from a break in the wall of a blood vessel

Ex: Bruise

104
Q

fibrin

A

forms in a blood clot

entangles trapped cells

105
Q

anticoagulant

A

substance that delays or prevents blood from clotting

106
Q

Thrombosis

A

formation of internal blood clots

107
Q

hemoglobin

A

red, iron-containing pigment that transports oxygen to the tissues and waste carbon dioxide to the lungs

type of blood protein

108
Q

Anemia

A

condition in which the number of red blood cells or the concentration of hemoglobin (or both) is decreased

109
Q

pallor

A

paleness

110
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

inherited red blood cell disorder in which the red blood cells do not have sufficient hemoglobin to transport oxygen throughout the body

111
Q

Leukocytosis

A

abnormal increase in the total number of white blood cells

112
Q

Formed Elements of Blood

A

Erythrocyte - RBC; transports oxygen

Leukocyte - WBC; body defense

Thrombocyte - blood clotting

113
Q

Leukemia

A

progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs

characterized by a marked increase in the number of leukocytes and by the presence of immature forms of leukocytes in the blood/bone marrow

114
Q

erythropoietin

A

hormone produced mainly in the kidneys and released into the bloodstream, causing the production of red blood cells

115
Q

susceptibility

A

being vulnerable to a disease or disorder

116
Q

resistance

A

the body’s natural ability to counteract microorganisms or toxins

117
Q

inflammation

A

protective response of body tissue that increases circulation to an area after irritation or injury

118
Q

phagocytosis

A

ingestion and destruction of microorganisms

119
Q

interferon

A

cell-produced protein that protects the cells from viral infection

120
Q

complement

A

protein that not only promotes inflammation and phagocytosis, but also causes bacterial cells to rupture

121
Q

immunity

A

the body’s ability to counteract the effects of infectious organisms

122
Q

antigen

A

any substance that the body regards as foreign

123
Q

antibody

A

disease-fighting protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen

124
Q

nonspecific resistance

A

directed against all pathogens

Ex: intact skin, tearing apparatus of the eyes, urinary system, mucous membranes, digestive system, respiratory system, lymphatic system

125
Q

specific resistance

A

directed against particular pathogens

Ex: immune system, T and B lymphocytes

126
Q

Immunization

A

the process by which resistance to an infectious disease is induced or augmented

127
Q

Active Immunity

A

occurs when the individual’s own body produces an immune response to a harmful antigen

Natural Ex: contract disease and produce memory cells

Artificial Ex: receive a vaccination and produce memory cells

128
Q

Passive Immunity

A

the immune agents develop in another person or animal and then are transferred to an individual who was not previously immune

Natural Ex: receive maternal antibodies through placenta or breast milk

Artificial Ex: receive antiserum with antibodies from another host

129
Q

Specific Immunity

A

recognition of specific antigens

130
Q

vaccination

A

the administration of antigenic material (inactivated or killed microbes or their products) to induce immunity

131
Q

immunocompromised

A

one whose immune response has been weakened by a disease or an immunosuppressive agent

132
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

diseases caused by a defect in the immune system

characterized by a susceptibility to infections and chronic diseases

Ex: AIDS

133
Q

hypersensitivity

A

when the interaction of our defense mechanisms with an antigen results in injury

134
Q

Allergies

A

conditions in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to common, harmless substances

135
Q

anaphylaxis

A

exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction to a previously encountered antigen

136
Q

primary tumor

A

a neoplasm that is at the original site where it first arose

137
Q

pathogen

A

microorganism that is capable of causing or producing a disease

138
Q

Types of Pathogenic Microorganisms

A

Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, and Protozoa

139
Q

Virus

A

minute microorganism that replicates only within a cell of a living plant or animal

no independent metabolic activity

140
Q

Bacteria

A

classified according to their shape

types include cocci, bacilli, or spirilla

141
Q

Fungi

A

microorganisms that feed by absorbing organic molecules from their surroundings

142
Q

Protozoa

A

simplest organisms of the animal kingdom

143
Q

Bioterrorism

A

the use of pathogenic biological agents to cause terror in a population

Medical Terminology (5 decks)

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