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Medical Terminology > Chp. 5 - The Body as a Whole > Flashcards

Chp. 5 - The Body as a Whole Flashcards

1
Q

Organizational Scheme of the Body

A

Atoms/Ions –> Molecules –> Organelle –> Cells –> Tissue –> Organ –> Body System –> Organism

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2
Q

Stem Cells

A

have the ability to divide without limit and give rise to specialized cells

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3
Q

Somatic (Body) Cells

A

account for all the body’s cells except the reproductive cells

have 23 pairs of chromosomes

surrounded by a cell membrane

have a nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles

Ex: nerve, muscle, blood

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4
Q

Tissue

A

groups of cells that perform the same basic activity

Types: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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5
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

forms the covering of both internal and external surfaces

cells are joined by small amounts of cementing substances

Ex: skin and lining of cavities

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6
Q

Connective Tissue

A

supports and binds other body tissue and parts

Ex: bone and fat cells

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7
Q

Muscular Tissue

A

composed of fibers that are able to contract, causing movement of body parts and organs

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8
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

conducts impulses that connect the brain and spinal cord with other parts of the body

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9
Q

Organ

A

two or more tissue types that work together to perform one or more functions and form a more complex structure

Ex: skin, stomach, ear

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10
Q

Body System

A

consists of several organs that work together to accomplish a set of functions

Ex: Muscular, Urinary, Endocrine, Digestive

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11
Q

Homeostasis

A

the constant internal environment that is naturally maintained by the body

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12
Q

Major Body Systems

A

Muscular/Skeletal, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive, Integumentary, Nervous, Endocrine

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13
Q

ana-

A

upward, excessive, or again

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14
Q

-plasia

A

development or formation of tissue

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15
Q

aplasia

A

lack of development of an organ or tissue

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16
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal development of tissues, recognized by cells that differ in size, shape, and appearance

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17
Q

hypoplasia

A

underdevelopment of an organ or a tissue

less severe than aplasia

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18
Q

hyperplasia

A

abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in tissue

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19
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in the size of an organ caused by an increase in the size of existing cells rather than the number of cells

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20
Q

anaplasia

A

change in the structure and orientation of cells, characterized by a loss of differentiation and reversal to a more primitive form

characteristic of malignant tumors

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21
Q

anatomic position

A

the position a person is in while standing erect with the arms at the sides and palms forward

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22
Q

Combining Form - anter/o

A

anterior

nearer to or toward the front, ventral

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23
Q

Combining Form - poster/o

A

posterior

nearer to or toward the back, dorsal

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24
Q

Combining Form - ventr/o

A

ventral

belly side, same as anterior surface in humans

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25
Combining Form - dors/o
dorsal directed toward or situated on the back side, same as posterior surface in humans
26
Combining Form - medi/o
medial, median middle or nearer the middle
27
Combining Form - later/o
lateral toward the side, farther from the midline of the body or from a structure
28
Combining Form - super/o
superior uppermost or above
29
Combining Form - infer/o
inferior lowermost or below
30
Combining Form - proxim/o
proximal nearer the origin or point of attachment
31
Combining Form - dist/o
distal far or distant from the origin or point of attachment
32
Combining Form - cephal/o
cephalad toward the head
33
Combining Form - caud/o
caudad toward the tail or in an inferior direction in humans
34
Combining Form - intern/o
internal inside, within
35
Combining Form - extern/o
external outside
36
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
divides the body into front and back portions
37
Transverse Plane
divides the body into upper and lower portions
38
Sagittal Plane
divides the body into right and left sides
39
Midsagittal Plane
divides the body into two equal halves
40
prone
position of a person who is lying on the belly
41
supine
position of a person who is lying on the back
42
lateral recumbent (Sims)
patient lies on the left side with the right knee and thigh flexed (bent) and the upper limb parallel along the back
43
recumbent
lying down
44
ambulant
describes a person who is able to walk
45
Body Cavity
space within the body that contains internal organs
46
Two Major Body Cavities
dorsal and ventral
47
Dorsal Cavity
located near the posterior part of the body divided into cranial and spinal cavities
48
cranial cavity
contains the brain
49
spinal cavity
contains the spinal cord and beginnings of the spinal nerves
50
Ventral Cavity
located near the anterior part of the body subdivided into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
51
viscera
large organs contained in the ventral cavity
52
diaphragm
dome-shaped partition that functions in respiration divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
53
peritoneum
serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and enfolds the internal organs secretes a lubricating fluid that allows the organs to glide against one another or against the cavity wall
54
adhesion
sticking together of two structures that are normally separated
55
Major Regions of the Body
Head, Neck, Torso, Extremities
56
Combining Form - abdomin/o
abdomen
57
Combining Form - acr/o
extremities (arms and legs)
58
Combining Form - cyst/o
cyst, bladder, or sac
59
Combining Form - dactyl/o
digit (toes, fingers, or both)
60
Combining Form - lapar/o
abdominal wall
61
Combining Form - omphal/o, umbilic/o
umbilicus (navel)
62
Combining Form - onych/o
nail
63
Combining Form - pelv/i
pelvis
64
Combining Form - periton/o
peritoneum
65
Combining Form - som/a, somat/o
body
66
Combining Form - thorac/o
chest (thorax)
67
Abdominal Quadrants
used to describe the location of pain or body structures there are four of these
68
RUQ
Right Upper Quadrant
69
LUQ
Left Upper Quadrant
70
RLQ
Right Lower Quadrant
71
LLQ
Left Lower Quadrant
72
ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
73
Combining Form - femor/o
femur
74
Combining Form - inguin/o
groin
75
palmar
pertaining to the palm
76
plantar
sole or undersurface of the foot
77
Dactylography
study of fingerprints
78
chiropody
pertaining to the hands and feet
79
onychophagist
one who habitually bites the nails
80
interstitial fluid
fills the spaces between most of the cells of the body
81
Combining Form - dacry/o, lacrim/o
tear, tearing, crying
82
Combining Form - hidr/o
sweat or perspiration
83
Combining Form - hydr/o
water
84
Combining Form - lymph/o
lymph
85
Word Part: -poiesis
production
86
Word Part: -poietin
substance that causes production
87
Combining Form - sial/o
saliva
88
sudoriferous
sweat
89
diaphoresis
excessive sweating
90
lymph
transparent body fluid found in lymphatic vessels
91
mucous
pertaining to mucus secreting, producing, containing, or covered with mucus
92
mucous membrane
membranes that line passages and cavities that communicate with air AKA mucosa
93
abscess
localized collection of pus in a cavity surrounded by healthy tissue
94
purulent
producing or containing pus
95
Hydrocephalus
condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
96
Combining Form - coagul/o
coagulation
97
Combining Form - thromb/o
clot (thrombus)
98
Suffix: -osis
generally, "increased" or "abnormal" when describing cellular components
99
blood platelets
small structures in the blood that are important for blood clotting AKA thrombocytes
100
Hematology
the study of blood and blood-forming tissues
101
hemolysis
destruction of red blood cells with the liberation of hemoglobin
102
hemodialysis
process of diffusing blood through a semipermeable membrane to remove toxic materials from the bodies of persons with impaired kidney function
103
hematoma
localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, tissue, or space, resulting from a break in the wall of a blood vessel Ex: Bruise
104
fibrin
forms in a blood clot entangles trapped cells
105
anticoagulant
substance that delays or prevents blood from clotting
106
Thrombosis
formation of internal blood clots
107
hemoglobin
red, iron-containing pigment that transports oxygen to the tissues and waste carbon dioxide to the lungs type of blood protein
108
Anemia
condition in which the number of red blood cells or the concentration of hemoglobin (or both) is decreased
109
pallor
paleness
110
Sickle Cell Anemia
inherited red blood cell disorder in which the red blood cells do not have sufficient hemoglobin to transport oxygen throughout the body
111
Leukocytosis
abnormal increase in the total number of white blood cells
112
Formed Elements of Blood
Erythrocyte - RBC; transports oxygen Leukocyte - WBC; body defense Thrombocyte - blood clotting
113
Leukemia
progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs characterized by a marked increase in the number of leukocytes and by the presence of immature forms of leukocytes in the blood/bone marrow
114
erythropoietin
hormone produced mainly in the kidneys and released into the bloodstream, causing the production of red blood cells
115
susceptibility
being vulnerable to a disease or disorder
116
resistance
the body's natural ability to counteract microorganisms or toxins
117
inflammation
protective response of body tissue that increases circulation to an area after irritation or injury
118
phagocytosis
ingestion and destruction of microorganisms
119
interferon
cell-produced protein that protects the cells from viral infection
120
complement
protein that not only promotes inflammation and phagocytosis, but also causes bacterial cells to rupture
121
immunity
the body's ability to counteract the effects of infectious organisms
122
antigen
any substance that the body regards as foreign
123
antibody
disease-fighting protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen
124
nonspecific resistance
directed against all pathogens Ex: intact skin, tearing apparatus of the eyes, urinary system, mucous membranes, digestive system, respiratory system, lymphatic system
125
specific resistance
directed against particular pathogens Ex: immune system, T and B lymphocytes
126
Immunization
the process by which resistance to an infectious disease is induced or augmented
127
Active Immunity
occurs when the individual's own body produces an immune response to a harmful antigen Natural Ex: contract disease and produce memory cells Artificial Ex: receive a vaccination and produce memory cells
128
Passive Immunity
the immune agents develop in another person or animal and then are transferred to an individual who was not previously immune Natural Ex: receive maternal antibodies through placenta or breast milk Artificial Ex: receive antiserum with antibodies from another host
129
Specific Immunity
recognition of specific antigens
130
vaccination
the administration of antigenic material (inactivated or killed microbes or their products) to induce immunity
131
immunocompromised
one whose immune response has been weakened by a disease or an immunosuppressive agent
132
Immunodeficiency
diseases caused by a defect in the immune system characterized by a susceptibility to infections and chronic diseases Ex: AIDS
133
hypersensitivity
when the interaction of our defense mechanisms with an antigen results in injury
134
Allergies
conditions in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to common, harmless substances
135
anaphylaxis
exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction to a previously encountered antigen
136
primary tumor
a neoplasm that is at the original site where it first arose
137
pathogen
microorganism that is capable of causing or producing a disease
138
Types of Pathogenic Microorganisms
Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, and Protozoa
139
Virus
minute microorganism that replicates only within a cell of a living plant or animal no independent metabolic activity
140
Bacteria
classified according to their shape types include cocci, bacilli, or spirilla
141
Fungi
microorganisms that feed by absorbing organic molecules from their surroundings
142
Protozoa
simplest organisms of the animal kingdom
143
Bioterrorism
the use of pathogenic biological agents to cause terror in a population

Medical Terminology (5 decks)

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