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AirLaw Fagerlidal > Chp 3- Aerodrome design and operation > Flashcards

Chp 3- Aerodrome design and operation Flashcards

1
Q

Annex number for “Aerodrome”?

A

Annex 14

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2
Q

What is the definition of “Aerodrome”?

A

An aerodrome is a defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft.

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3
Q

What does volume 1 prescribe in regards to annex 14?

A

It prescribes the physical characteristics, facilities, technical services and obstacle limitation surfaces to be provided at aerodromes. It also contains specifications dealing with obstacles outside those limitation surfaces. It is not intended that these specifications limit or regulate the operation of the aircraft.

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4
Q

What does ACN and PCN mean?

A

It consist of ACN and PCN.

PCN = pavement classification number
ACN = aircraft classification number

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5
Q

What is an “Aerodrome reference code”?

A

An aerodrome reference code provides a simple method for collating the various characteristics of an aerodrome allowing pilots and operators to make rapid determination of an aerodromes adequacy. Its given with one number and one letter.

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6
Q

How long is a runway with ARC code 1?

A

Less than 800 meters

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7
Q

How long is a runway with ARC code 2?

A

800 meters and up to, but not including, 1200 meters

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8
Q

How long is a runway with ARC code 3?

A

1200 meters and up to, but not including, 1800 meters

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9
Q

How long is a runway with ARC code 4?

A

1800 meter and over

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10
Q

Aircraft specs related to ARC code A?

A

Wing span: up to, but not including, 15 meter

Outer main gear wheel span: up to, but not including, 4.5 meter

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11
Q

Aircraft specs related to ARC code B?

A

Wing span: 15 meters and up to, but not including, 24 meter

Outer main gear wheel span: 4.5 meters and up to, but not including, 6 meters

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12
Q

Aircraft specs related to ARC code C?

A

Wing span: 24 meters and up to, but not including, 36 meter

Outer main gear wheel span: 6 meters and up to, but not including, 9 meters

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13
Q

Aircraft specs related to ARC code D?

A

Wing span: 36 meters and up to, but not including, 52 meter

Outer main gear wheel span: 9 meters and up to, but not including, 14 meters

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14
Q

Aircraft specs related to ARC code E?

A

Wing span: 52 meters and up to, but not including, 65 meter

Outer main gear wheel span: 9 meters and up to, but not including, 14 meters

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15
Q

Aircraft specs related to ARC code F?

A

Wing span: 65 meters and up to, but not including, 80 meters

Outer main gear wheel span: 14 meters and up to, but not including, 16 meter

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16
Q

What is the definition of runway?

A

A runway is a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft.

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17
Q

What is Aerodrome reference point?

A

It is located near the initial or planned geometric centre of the aerodrome and shall normally remain where first established.

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18
Q

What is “threshold”

A

The threshold is the beginning of the runway that is available for landing.

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19
Q

What is TORA?

A

TORA = Take-off run available

The length of runway declared by the State to be available and suitable for the ground run of an airplane taking off. This is usually the physical length of the runway

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20
Q

What is TODA?

A

TODA = Take-off distance available

The length of the runway available plus the length of any clearway available. Clearway is an area free of obstacles over which the initial climb is made. TODA is not to exceed 1.5 times TORA.

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21
Q

What is ASDA?

A

ASDA = Accelerate-stop distance available

The length of the take-off run available plus the length of any stowaway available. Stowaway is a suitable area at the end of the runway in the direction of take-off which an aircraft can be stopped in an emergency without risk of accident.

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22
Q

What is LDA?

A

LDA = landing distance available

The length of the runway which is declared available and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane landing

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23
Q

What is clearway (CWY)?

A

Clearway is a safe area free of obstacles, established at the beginning of the runway end. CWY can be lakes, fields and so on. CWY is a part of TODA, which is the distance an airplane need to accelerate, rotate and climb through 35 ft (jet) or 50 ft (prop).

The length of the RWY should not exceed half the length of TORA. A CWY should extend laterally to the distance of at least 75 meter on each side of the extended centre line of the RWY.

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24
Q

What is stopway (SWY)?

A

A stopway shall have the same width as the runway with which it is associated. A stopway should be prepared or constructed so as to be capable, in the event of an abandoned take-off, of supporting the aircraft without inducing structural damage to the aircraft.

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25
Q

What is the movement area?

A

The movement area includes the areas of the airport used for TO, landing, taxiing of aircrafts (maneuvering area), and the apron.

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26
Q

What is the maneuvering area?

A

The movement area includes the areas of the airport used for TO, landing, taxiing of aircrafts, excluding the apron.

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27
Q

What is RWY strip?

A

“A defined area, including the RWY and SWY, if provided, intended to reduce the risk of damage to an aircraft running off a RWY and to protect aircraft flying over it during TO or landing operations.

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28
Q

What is RESA?

A

RESA = runway end safety areas

Shall extend from the end of a runway strip by at least 90 meters and its width shall be at least twice that of the associated runway.

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29
Q

Lengths of the different runway strips?

A

Visual strip: 75 meter from centerline

Instrument strip: 150 from centerline

End strip: 60 meter for visual and instrument

30
Q

What is taxiway?

A

Taxiways should be provided to permit the safe and expeditious surface movement of aircraft. Changes in direction of TWYs should be as few and small as possible

31
Q

What is holding positions?

A

Holding bays should be provided when the traffic volume is medium or heavy. A runway-holding position shall be established:
- at an intersection of a taxiway with a runway but on the taxiway
- at an intersection of a runway with another runway when the former runway is part of a standard taxi route

32
Q

Where on the taxiway should a runway-holding position be established?

A

It shall be established on a taxiway if the location or alignment of the taxiway is such that a taxiing aircraft or vehicle can infringe an obstacle limitation surface or interfere with the operation of radio navigation aids.

33
Q

What is intermediate holding positions?

A

Intermediate holding positions are located wherever it is considered necessary to define another specific holding point along a taxiway.

34
Q

What is a road-holding position?

A

A road-holding position shall be established at an intersection of a road with a runway. It is a position where vehicles might have to wait (hold).

35
Q

What are the wind direction indicators requirements?

A

An aerodrome shall be equipped with at least one wind direction indicator (a truncated cone made of fabric) which shall be located so as to be visible from aircraft in flight or on the movement area and in such a way as to be free from the effects of air disturbances caused by nearby objects (e.g. wake turbulence). The wind direction indicator should be clearly visible (ideally orange or white) and understandable from a height of at least 300 meters. Provision should be made for illuminating at least one wind indicator at an aerodrome intended for use at night.

36
Q

What are the landing direction indicators requirements?

A

Where provided, a landing direction indicator shall be located in a conspicuous place on the aerodrome and should be in the form of an orange or white “T”. If the aerodrome is used at night, the “T” must be illuminated or outlined by white lights.

37
Q

What are the visual aids for navigation?

A
  1. Wind direction indicators
  2. Landing direction indicators
  3. Signal area
  4. Signaling lamp
38
Q

What are the signaling lamp requirements?

A

A signaling lamp shall be provided in the control tower of controlled aerodrome and capable of producing red, white and green signals while being aimed manually at any target. It must also be able to transmit 4 words per minute in Morse Code. The lamps are used to issue instructions to aircraft in the air and on the ground as well as other vehicles on the movement area.

39
Q

What is the signal area?

A

The signal area should be located so as to be visible for all angels of azimuth above an angle of 10 degrees above the horizontal when viewed from a height of 300 meters. It should be an even horizontal surface at least 9 meters square. The color should be in contrast with the navigational aids, and it should be surrounded by a white border not less than 0.3 meters wide.

40
Q

What are the colors used for aerodrome marking?

A

Runway marking shall be white.

Taxiway markings and aircraft stand markings shall be yellow.

The apron safety lines shall be of a conspicuous colour, which shall contrast with that used for aircraft stand markings.

41
Q

What is runway designation markings?

A

Provided at the threshold of a runway, it consists of a two-digit number (RWY heading), and in case of parallel runways, a letter (L, C or R).

42
Q

What is runway centerline markings?

A

RWY centerline markings shall be provided on a paved runway between the runway designation markings. They consist of a line of uniformly spaced stripes and gaps. (length of lines = at least 30 meters)

43
Q

What are the requirements for threshold markings?

A

Threshold markings shall be provided at 6 meters from the threshold of a paved instrument runway, and of a paved non-instrument runway where the code number is 3 or 4 and the runway is intended for use by international commercial air transport. It looks like a “fotgjengerfelt”. They are minimum 30 meters long

44
Q

What is traverse stripe?

A

Where a threshold is displaced from the extremity of a runway or where the extremity of a runway is not square with the runway centerline, a transverse stripe of not less than 1.80 meters should be added to the threshold marking.

45
Q

What are the different types of ground markings behind the threshold (on the centerline)?

A

Where a runway is permanently or temporarily displaced, arrows shall be provided on the portion of the runway before the displaced threshold if the bearing is sufficient (you can depart in the direction of the arrows). If the arrows does not contain a “body”, then you cannot depart from this area, but can include it in ASDA.

46
Q

What shall an aiming point marking provide?

A

An aiming point marking shall be provided at each approach end of a paved instrument runway where the code number is 2, 3 or 4 (located 400 meters from the threshold, and the main gear should touch down at this marking)

47
Q

What shall touchdown zone marking provide?

A

Touchdown zone markings shall be provided in the touchdown zone of a paved precision approach runway where the code number is 2, 3 or 4 and shall consist of pairs of rectangular markings symmetrically disposed about the runway centre line. It can be basic pattern (one line on each side of the centerline) or with distance coding (three lines two times before aiming point, then two and one (x2) lines on each side of the centerline.

48
Q

How many markings shall be included in regards to the runway length?

A
  • Less than 900 meters = 1 marking
  • 900 meters but not up to 1200 = 2
  • 1200 meters but not up 1500 = 3
  • 1500 meters but not up to 2400 = 4
  • 2400 meters or more = 6
49
Q

When should runway side stripe markings be provided?

A

Runway side stripe markings shall be provided between the threshold of a paved runway where there is a lack of contrast between the runway edges and the shoulders or the surrounding terrain and should be provided on all precision runways regardless. They should consist of two stripes, one placed along each edge of the RWY, except that, where the RWY is greater than 60 meters in width, the stripes should be located 30 meters from the RWY centre line.

50
Q

Where shall TWY centre line markings be provided?

A

TWY centreline markings shall be provided on paved TWYs, de/anti-icing areas and aprons where the code number is 3 or 4 in order to provide continuous guidance between the RWY centre line and aircraft stands. It shall also be provided on paved runways when part of a standard taxi route where there is no RWY centre line marking or the TWY centre line is not coincident with the runway centre line. Shall be at least 15 cm, and continuous in length.

51
Q

What is RWY-holding position markings?

A

At an intersection of a taxiway and a RWY, it shall be marked as pattern A. In case of two or three RWY holding positions are provided at such an intersection (precision approach CAT I, II or III) the marking closest to the RWY shall be pattern A, and the markings farther from the RWY shall be pattern B.

52
Q

What is aircraft stand markings?

A

Located at designated parking positions, and includes stand identification, lead-in-line, turn bar, turning line, alignment bar, stop line and lead-out-line.

53
Q

What are apron safety lines?

A

Lines provided on paved aprons to define the areas intended for use by ground vehicles to provide safe separation from aircraft.

54
Q

What’s the purpose of information markings?

A

Where impossible to install a sign, the marking shall be displayed on the surface of the pavement. (yellow inscription for location sign, and black for direction/destination)

55
Q

What is mandatory instruction markings?

A

White inscription on a red background, and signify that some form of clearance or permission to proceed is needed.

56
Q

What are aeronautical ground lights?

A

Lights on/in vicinity of aerodromes not intended for navigation can be turned off, as long as they can be brought on again at least 1 hour before the expected arrival of aircraft. Shall be operated during hours of darkness, or when the centre of the suns disc is more than six degrees below horizon, whichever requirers the longer period of operation. Additionally they shall be used when MET-conditions makes is desirable for the safety of air traffic.

57
Q

What are the elevated approach lights requirements?

A

Elevated approach lights and their supporting structures shall be frangible within 300 meters from the threshold. Beyond 300 meters from the threshold where the height of a supporting structure exceeds 12 meter, the frangibility requirement shall apply to the top 12 meters only. If a supporting structure is surrounded by non-frangible objects, only that part of the structure which exceeds this height should be frangible.

58
Q

Design requirements for elevated and surface lights

A

Elevated: rwy, swy anf twy lights shall be frangible, and shall be sufficient low to preserve clearance for propellers and engine pods.

Surface: light fixtures in the surface of RWYs, SWYs, TWYs and aprons shall be designed and fitted to withstand being run over by the wheels of an aircraft without damage either to the aircraft or to the lights themselves.

59
Q

Aerodrome beacon requirements

A

Shall be provided at an aerodrome intended for use at night if:
- aircraft navigate predominantly by visual means
- reduced visibibilities are frequent
- it is difficult to locate the aerodrome from the air due to surrounding lights or terrain

20-30 coloured flashes alternating every minute

60
Q

What is runway lead-in light system

A

A runway lead-in lighting system should be provided where it is desired to provide visual guidance along a specific approach track, for reasons such as avoiding hazardous terrain or for purposes of noise abatement. They shall define the desired approach path, and the interval between groups should not exceed 1600 meters (minimum three flashing white lights in a linear or cluster config).

61
Q

What is the Simple Approach Lighting System?

A

The Simple Approach Lighting System is split into to types:
- Single Source
- Barette

The Simple Approach Lighting System, where practicable, shall be installed for non- instrument runways (code 3 and 4) intended to be used at night as well as non- prescision runways. In eather case such installations is not required if the RWY is intended for use only in conditions of good visibility or sufficient guidance is provided by other visual aids.

It shall concist of a row of lights on the extended centre line of the runway extending, whenever possible, over a distance of not less than 420 m from the threshold with a row of lights forming a crossbar 18 m og 30 m in length at a distance og 300 m from the threshold

The colour of the lighs shall be such as to ensure that the system is readily distinguishable from other aeronautical lights.

62
Q

What does a Precision Approach CAT 1 lighting system consist of?

A

The center line and crossbar lights of a precision approach category 1 lighting system shall be fixed lights showing variable white (light intensity adjustable)

A precision approach category 1 lighting system shall me installed to serve, where physically practicable, a precision approach category 1 runway (CAT 1) and consists of a row of lights on the extended center line of the RWY extending, wherever possible, over a distance of 900, from the RWY threshold with a row of lights forming a crossbar 30m in length at a distance of 300m (60m between each light source = 5 sources) from the RWY threshold.

Each center line shall consist of either:

a. A single light source in the innermost 300m of the center line, two light sources in the central 300m of the center line and three light sources in the outer 300m of the center line to provide distance information. Additional crossbars of lights to the crossbar provided at 300m from the threshold shall be provided at 150m, 450m, 600m and 750m from the threshold; or

b. A barrette at least 4m in length.

The requirements above have led, respectively to:
- The distance coded center line
- The barrette center line

63
Q

What does a Precision Approach CAT 2 and 3

A

The approach lighting system shall consist of a row of lights on the extended center line of the RWY, extending, wherever possible, over a distance of 900m from the RWY threshold. In addition, the system shall have two side rows of red lights, extending 270m from the threshold, and two crossbars, one at 150m and one at 300m from the threshold.

If the centre line consists of lights beyond a distance of 300m from the threshold, additional crossbars of lights shall be provided at 450m, 600m, and 750m from the threshold. The crossbar provided at 300m from the threshold seal extend on both sides of the center line lights to a distance of 15m from the centre line.

64
Q

What is VASI?

A

Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)

65
Q

What are the Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI) systems?

A

Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI)

Abbreviated Precision Path Indicator (APAPI)

66
Q

When should RWY threshold Identification Lights be installed?

A

a. At the threshold of a non-precision approach runway when additional threshold conspicuity is necessary or where it is not practicable to provide other approach lighting aids; and

b. Where a runway threshold is permanently displaced from the runway extremity or temporarily displaced from the normal position and additional threshold conspicuity is necessary.

Runway threshold identification lights shall be located symmetrically about the RWY centre line, in line with the threshold and approximately 10m outside each line of RWY edge lights. RWY threshold identification lights should be flashing white. The lights shall be visible only in the direction of approach to the RWY.

67
Q

When shall RWY Edge lights be provided?

A

RWY Edge lights shall be provided for;
- A RWY intended for use at night
- For a precision approach RWY intended for use by day or night and
- A RWY intended for take-off with operating minimum less than RVR 800m by day

Shall be placed along the full length of the RWY in two parallel rows equidistant from the centre line.

  • For precision RWYs; Not more than 60m between lights
  • For non-precisions RWY; Nor more than 100m between lights

The RWY edge lights shall be fixed lights showing white variable white except;

  • For a displaced threshold, showing red in the approach direction.
  • Last 600m or 1/3 of the RWY may show yellow (Optional on CAT 1, standard for CAT 2/3)
68
Q

What are RWY Threshold and Wing Bar Lights?

A

RWY threshold and wing bar lights shall be fixed unidirectional lights showing green in the direction of approach to the runway.

RWY threshold lights shall be provided for a RWY equipped with RWY edge lights except on a non-instrument or non-precision approach RWY where the threshold is displaced and wing bar lights are provided.

When a threshold is at the extremity of a RWY, the threshold lights shall be placed in a row at right angles to the RWY axis as near to the extremity of the RWY as possible and, in any case, not more than 3m outside the extremity.

Wing bar lights shall be provided on a non-instrument or non-precision approach RWY where the threshold is displaced and RWY threshold lights are required, but are not provided. They shall be symmetrical disposed about the RWY centre line at the threshold in two groups (i.e. wing bars). Each wing bar shall be formed by at least five lights extending at least 10m outward from, at right angles to, the line of the RWY edge lights.

69
Q

What are RWY End Lights?

A

RWY End lights shall be fixed unidirectional lights showing red in the direction of the RWY and shall be provided for a RWY equipped with RWY edge lights. RWY edge lights shall be placed on a line at right angles to the RWY axis as near to the end of the RWY as possible and, in any case, not more than 3m outside the end.

70
Q

What is RWY centre line lights?

A

RWY centre line lights shall be fixed lights showing variable white from the threshold to the point 900m from the RWY end; alternate red and variable white from 900m to 300m from the RWY end; and red from 300m to the RWY end, except that if a RWY is less than 1800m in length, the alternate red and variable white lights shall extend from the mid-point of the RWY usable for landing to 300m from the RWY end.

AirLaw Fagerlidal (3 decks)

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