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Anat/Phys1 > Chp. 2: Chemistry Comes Alive > Flashcards

Chp. 2: Chemistry Comes Alive Flashcards

Understanding the chemistry in the body

1
Q

Matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass.
- all living and nonliving things contain matter

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2
Q

Mass

A

the actual amount of matter an object contains

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3
Q

Weight

A

measure of the force of gravity on a mass

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4
Q

Energy

A

the capacity to do work

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5
Q

Kinetic energy

A

energy of motion/ movement

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6
Q

Potential

A

Energy that has been stored

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7
Q

Forms of energy

A

chemical, mechanical, electrical, and radiant

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8
Q

Energy conversion is _______, with waste heat always _____.

A

inefficient; lost

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9
Q

Element

A

a substance that cannot be split into simpler substances by ordinary chem. reactions

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10
Q

How many elements are there?

A

112 to 118

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11
Q

How many elements occur in nature, and in the body?

A

A. 92
B. 24
- Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and nitrogen make up about 96% of body weight.

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12
Q

Atom is the ______ part of an elemental substance.

A

Smallest

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13
Q

Protons

A

+, in nucleus

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14
Q

Neutrons

A

neutral, in nucleus

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15
Q

Electrons

A

-, orbit nucleus in valence shell

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16
Q

What does it mean if protons, and electrons are equal?

A

Atom is electrically neutral.

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17
Q

Elements atomic #

A

A. its the # of protons
B. Large # on periodic table

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17
Q

What makes atoms differ from one another?

A

The # of protons in the nucleus

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18
Q

Isotope

A

A. Different atomic forms of the same element
B. Diff. # of neutrons
C. Same # of protons
D. Same chemical characteristics

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19
Q

Mass Number

A

the # of protons and neutrons

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20
Q

radioactive isotopes

A

unstable and decay into other isotopes, or other elements

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21
Q

atomic weight

A

avg. of mass # of all the isotopes

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22
Q

Molecule

A

particle of 2 or more atoms held together by a chemical bond

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23
Q

Compound

A

Substance composed of 2 or more different elements held together by chemical bonds

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24
Q

mixture

A

substance composed of 2 or more components physically intermixed

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25
Q

Solutions

A

homogenous mixture of 2 or more components

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26
Q

Solvent

A

dissolving medium in which the other material are mixed in

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27
Q

Solute

A

Substance that is dissolved in a solution

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28
Q

Concentration

A

measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent

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29
Q

Milligrams/ Deciliter

A

Mg/ Dl; measure of the blood concentration of glucose, cholesterol

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30
Q

molarity

A

Moles/ liter; element/ compound is = to its atomic weight or molecular weight measured in grams.

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31
Q

Colloids

A

heterogenous mixtures like jell-o; milky appearance; smaller particles scatter light; undergoes sol-gel transformation—> reversible change of a colloid from a fluid (sol) to a more solid (gel) state

32
Q

Suspensions

A

Heterogenous mixture w/ large, visible solutes; blood
-will settle out due to gravity

33
Q

Chemical Bond

A

energy relationship holding atoms together, interaction of electrons

34
Q

Role of Electrons

A
  • they form clouds called shells
  • first 3 shells hold 2, 8, and 18 electrons, outer shell is the valence shell.
35
Q

When are atoms considered stable?

A

Atoms are stable when the valence shell is full of electrons

36
Q

Atoms are chemically reactive if what?

A

If the valence shell is not full of electrons

37
Q

Covalent

A

A. sharing pairs of electrons
B. May be polar (shared un=), or non-polar (= shared)

38
Q

Nonpolar

A

A. type of covalent bond
B. If electrons are shared =

39
Q

Polar

A

A. type of covalent bond
B. if electrons are shared un=

40
Q

Ionic

A

Electrons sorted and are transferred from one atom to another; forming + and - ions
- attraction btwn 2 oppositely charged ions

41
Q

Cation

A

electron donors that have a positive charge (think cat and paws)

42
Q

Anion

A

electron acceptors that have a negative charge

43
Q

hydrogen

A

weakest attractions btwn different molecules which contain polar covalent bonds
- covalently bound hydrogens attract other charged atoms

44
Q

Water

A

forms many H-bonds; surface tension; important to waters properties that support life

45
Q

Chemical reaction

A

Energy is transferred, waste heat is lost

46
Q

Chem. equation

A

written in the form of the chemical reactions involved
- A+B–> C

47
Q

Synthesis

A

anabolic; atoms/ molecules combine to form larger, more complex molecules
- always involves some type of chemical bond formation/ input of chemical energy
- A+B–> AB
ex: amino Acids to proteins

48
Q

Decomposition

A

A. Catabolic
B. Large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules
- broken chemical bonds
- chem. energy is released; may or may not be useful for another purpose

49
Q

Chemical Exchange

A

A. Displacement
B. bonds are both made and broken; atoms are combined w/ different atoms
-AB+CD <—> AD+CB

50
Q

Exergonic

A

A. releases energy (catabolic)

51
Q

Endergonic

A

A. Absorbs energy (anabolic)

52
Q

True or false: all chemical reactions are theoretically reversible?

A

TRUE!!!
- more difficult when energy is released
- energy MUST be added back to reverse the reaction

53
Q

All chemical reactions tend toward a what state?

A

A. State of equilibrium

54
Q

What 4 factors influence rate of reaction?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Particle size
  3. Concentration
  4. Catalysts
55
Q

Inorganic Compound

A

A. lack carbon
B. smaller in size
C. Various ions=electrolytes (salts, acids, bases)

56
Q

High heat capacity

A

A. kinetic energy must be +/- to change the temp. of water by a degree
B. contributes to body temp. stability

57
Q

High heat of vaporization

A

A. change from liquid to a gas, breaks MANY hydrogen bonds
B. energy used in boiling water

58
Q

Polarity/ solvent properties

A

A. Polar covalent bonds, good solvent, brings solute molecules into close proximity; makes reactions more likely

59
Q

Reactivity

A

A. participates in chemical reactions
B. +/- from molec. in breakdown or synthesis reactions

60
Q

Lubrication/ Cushioning

A

A. serous/ mucous fluid in many body locations lubricate the movement of various parts
B. cerebrospinal fluid cushions the brain/ spinal chord
C. Amniotic fluid cushions the fetus

61
Q

Salts

A

A. Ionic compound contains cations other than [H+)/ [OH-]
B. Dissociate (ionize) into component ions when dissolved in water
C. Ions called electrolytes

62
Q

Acids

A

A. release hydrogen ions when in solution
B. proton donors
C. dissociate to release hydrogen ions

63
Q

Bases

A

A. proton acceptors
B. generally dissociate in hydroxyl ions/ one or more cations

64
Q

PH Scale

A

A. concentration of hydrogen ions is measure in pH units
- ranges from 0-14

65
Q

What is a neutral pH

A

7

66
Q

What is an acidic pH

A

below pH 7

67
Q

What is a basic pH

A

above pH 7

68
Q

Acid-Base Balance

A

A. important for homeostasis, keep balanced in body fluid
B. biochemical reactions very sensitive to pH

69
Q

What are 3 homeostatic mechanisms to regulate acid base balance?

A
  1. buffers
  2. respiratory system
  3. renal system
70
Q

Buffers

A

minimize changes in ph by releasing/ binding hydrogen ions

71
Q

Respiratory and renal

A

regulate buffer concentrations

72
Q

bicarbonate system

A

helps maintain ph homeostasis of blood

73
Q

neutralization

A

acid+base=salts

74
Q

organic compounds

A

any compound composed of atoms held together by a covalent bond
- proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acids
- ALWAYS has C, H, and generally O
- polar oc. dissolves in water, nonpolar doesn’t
- may be large, good structural components

75
Q

Carbon

A

can form 4 covalent bonds

76
Q

simple molecules

A

monomers are joined to form macromolecules
- polymers

77
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

large molc. in synthesis

78
Q

hydrolysis

A

water is used to split a substance into smaller parts

Anat/Phys1 (2 decks)

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