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Anat/Phys1 > Chp. 1: The Human Body > Flashcards

Chp. 1: The Human Body Flashcards

understand functional characteristics, and survival needs

1
Q

Anatomy studies

A

structure of body parts, and their relationship to one another

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Concerns the function of the body
-how body parts work
-how they carry out their life-sustaining activities.

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3
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye (macroscopic).

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4
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

All structures (muscles, bones, blood, vessels, nerves) in a particular region of the body

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5
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Body structure is studied system by system

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6
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

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7
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

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8
Q

2 types of Microscopic Anat:

A
  1. Cytology: cells of the body
  2. Histology: study of tissue
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9
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

Traces structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan.

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10
Q

Embryology

A

Subdivision of developmental changes that occur before birth

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11
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Workings of the nervous system

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12
Q

Renal Physiology

A

Kidney functions, urine production

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13
Q

Cardiovascular Physiology

A

heart and blood vessels

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14
Q

Physiology focuses on events at what level?

A

Cellular/ Molecular

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15
Q

Respiratory

A

Lungs, nose, trachea

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16
Q

Endocrine

A

Glands, and organs that produce hormones

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17
Q

Muscle

A

Controls movement, posture, blood circulation

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18
Q

Gastrointestinal

A

Breaks food down, absorbs nutrients

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19
Q

Reproductive

A

Reproductive organs, hormones

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20
Q

Function depends on _______

A

Structure

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21
Q

Function is specific to _________

A

Structure

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22
Q

Levels of structural organization (all 6 of them)

A
  1. Chemical, 2. Cellular, 3. Tissue, 4. Organ, 5. Organ Systems, 6. Organismal
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23
Q

Chemical

A

A. Atoms/ Bonds (C, O2, H)
B. Molecules: small organic/ inorganic, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

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24
Q

Cellular

A

Cells are the basic structural/ functional units of ALL living things.
A. specialized for specific functions, made from various molecules.

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25
Tissues
Different cell types that together, perform a specific function. There are 4 types: 1. Epitheal 2. Muscle 3. Connective 4. Nervous
26
Organ
Discrete structure of 2 or more different types of tissue organized to do specific things.
27
Organ System
Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
28
Organismal
Sum total of all structures working together to keep us alive.
29
Maintaining boundaries (N.F.L)
keeping inside separate from outside
30
Movement (N.L.F)
motion of the whole body, individual cells, organelles or materials inside of the body
31
Responsiveness (N.F.L)
detecting and responding to the changes in internal/ external environment
32
Digestion (N.L.F.)
Breaking down ingested food to simple molecules to be absorbed
33
Metabolism (N.L.F)
ALL biochemical processes in the body
34
Catabolism (metabolism, N.L.F)
Breakdown reactions
35
Anabolism (metabolism, N.L.F)
Synthetic reactions
36
Excretion (N.L.F)
removing wastes from the body
37
Reproduction (N.L.F)
formation of new cells for growth, repair, replacement or a new organism
38
Growth
A. inc. in size, complexity B. inc. in cell #, or cell size
39
Homeostatic Systems 3 Basic Components
1. Receptor - detects change in variable - sends input (info) to a control center 2. Control Center - assesses input; sends output to effector(s) 3. Effector - causes response, i.e., an "effect" which is triggered by output
40
Negative Feedback Control
A. Results in a return to homeostatic equilibrium b/c the response reduces stress. Examples: Regulation of blood glucose, regulation of body temp
41
Positive Feedback Control
A. results in a shift to a new homeostatic equilibrium b/c the response increases the stimulus level (stress) Example: blood clotting, pregnancy, immune responses
42
Homeostatic Imbalance
- diseases can be regarded as a result of homeostatic disturbance.
43
Diseases
- pathological processes with a particular set of characteristics in which some or all parts of the body are not functioning correctly. - may be local, systematic
44
2 types of systemic changes that could present/ suggest a cause
A. symptoms: subjective changes in a body function, not observable. e.g., pain. B. signs: objective changes which are observable. e.g., temperature, pulse
45
Anatomical position
Constant reference point
46
Axial
head, neck, and trunk
47
Appendicular
limbs
48
Sagittal
vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts.
49
Frontal
Divides the body into anterior (forward), and posterior (backwards) parts
50
Transverse
Runs horizontally. Divides the body into inferior (above), and superior (below) parts
51
Dorsal Body Cavity
A. Cranial B. Vertebral or spinal
52
Ventral Body cavity
A. Thoracic - pleural - mediastinum B. Abdominopelvic - abdominal - pelvic
53
Membranes in the Ventral Cavity
A. like a fist in a balloon B. Membrane inside membrane with enclosed space in between - parietal - visceral - space filled with watery fluid C. Body cavity lined with serous membrane which produces the fluid D. Membranes name depends on positions, and cavities organs inside
54
Parietal
- inner membrane, on the body wall
55
Visceral
the inner membrane, on the organ wall
56
Cephalic Anterior
Frontal, orbital, nasal, buccal, oral, mental
57
Cervical
Throat
58
Thoracic (Anterior)
Sternal, axillary, and mammary
59
Abdominal (Anterior)
Umbilical
60
Pelvic (Anterior)
Inguinal
61
Pubic (Anterior)
Genitals
62
Upper limbs (anterior)
acromial, brachial, antecubital, antebrachial, carpal
63
Manus (anterior)
Pollex, palmer, digital
64
Lower Limbs (anterior)
coxal, femoral, patellar, crural, fibular/ peroneal
65
Pedal (anterior)
Tarsal, digital, hallux
66
Cephalic (Posterior)
Otic, occipital
67
Dorsum (Posterior)
Scapular, vertebral, lumbar, sacral, gluteal, perineal
68
Upper Limb (Posterior)
Acromial, Brachial, olecranon, antebrachial
69
Manus (posterior)
digital
70
Lower Limb (posterior)
Femoral, popliteal, sural, fibular/ peroneal
71
Pedal (anterior)
Calcaneal, plantar
72
9 Abdominopelvic regions (right to left)
R Hypochondriac, epigastric, L hypochondriac, R lumbar, umbilical, L lumbar, R iliac (inguinal), hypogastric (pubic), L iliac (inguinal)

Anat/Phys1 (2 decks)

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