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Anat/Phys1 > Chp. 1: The Human Body > Flashcards

Chp. 1: The Human Body Flashcards

understand functional characteristics, and survival needs

1
Q

Anatomy studies

A

structure of body parts, and their relationship to one another

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Concerns the function of the body
-how body parts work
-how they carry out their life-sustaining activities.

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3
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye (macroscopic).

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4
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

All structures (muscles, bones, blood, vessels, nerves) in a particular region of the body

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5
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Body structure is studied system by system

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6
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

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7
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

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8
Q

2 types of Microscopic Anat:

A
  1. Cytology: cells of the body
  2. Histology: study of tissue
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9
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

Traces structural changes that occur throughout the lifespan.

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10
Q

Embryology

A

Subdivision of developmental changes that occur before birth

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11
Q

Neurophysiology

A

Workings of the nervous system

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12
Q

Renal Physiology

A

Kidney functions, urine production

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13
Q

Cardiovascular Physiology

A

heart and blood vessels

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14
Q

Physiology focuses on events at what level?

A

Cellular/ Molecular

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15
Q

Respiratory

A

Lungs, nose, trachea

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16
Q

Endocrine

A

Glands, and organs that produce hormones

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17
Q

Muscle

A

Controls movement, posture, blood circulation

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18
Q

Gastrointestinal

A

Breaks food down, absorbs nutrients

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19
Q

Reproductive

A

Reproductive organs, hormones

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20
Q

Function depends on _______

A

Structure

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21
Q

Function is specific to _________

A

Structure

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22
Q

Levels of structural organization (all 6 of them)

A
  1. Chemical, 2. Cellular, 3. Tissue, 4. Organ, 5. Organ Systems, 6. Organismal
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23
Q

Chemical

A

A. Atoms/ Bonds (C, O2, H)
B. Molecules: small organic/ inorganic, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

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24
Q

Cellular

A

Cells are the basic structural/ functional units of ALL living things.
A. specialized for specific functions, made from various molecules.

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25
Q

Tissues

A

Different cell types that together, perform a specific function.
There are 4 types:
1. Epitheal
2. Muscle
3. Connective
4. Nervous

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26
Q

Organ

A

Discrete structure of 2 or more different types of tissue organized to do specific things.

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27
Q

Organ System

A

Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

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28
Q

Organismal

A

Sum total of all structures working together to keep us alive.

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29
Q

Maintaining boundaries (N.F.L)

A

keeping inside separate from outside

30
Q

Movement (N.L.F)

A

motion of the whole body, individual cells, organelles or materials inside of the body

31
Q

Responsiveness (N.F.L)

A

detecting and responding to the changes in internal/ external environment

32
Q

Digestion (N.L.F.)

A

Breaking down ingested food to simple molecules to be absorbed

33
Q

Metabolism (N.L.F)

A

ALL biochemical processes in the body

34
Q

Catabolism (metabolism, N.L.F)

A

Breakdown reactions

35
Q

Anabolism (metabolism, N.L.F)

A

Synthetic reactions

36
Q

Excretion (N.L.F)

A

removing wastes from the body

37
Q

Reproduction (N.L.F)

A

formation of new cells for growth, repair, replacement or a new organism

38
Q

Growth

A

A. inc. in size, complexity
B. inc. in cell #, or cell size

39
Q

Homeostatic Systems 3 Basic Components

A
  1. Receptor
    - detects change in variable
    - sends input (info) to a control center
  2. Control Center
    - assesses input; sends output to effector(s)
  3. Effector
    - causes response, i.e., an “effect” which is triggered by output
40
Q

Negative Feedback Control

A

A. Results in a return to homeostatic equilibrium b/c the response reduces stress.
Examples: Regulation of blood glucose, regulation of body temp

41
Q

Positive Feedback Control

A

A. results in a shift to a new homeostatic equilibrium b/c the response increases the stimulus level (stress)
Example: blood clotting, pregnancy, immune responses

42
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance

A
  • diseases can be regarded as a result of homeostatic disturbance.
43
Q

Diseases

A
  • pathological processes with a particular set of characteristics in which some or all parts of the body are not functioning correctly.
  • may be local, systematic
44
Q

2 types of systemic changes that could present/ suggest a cause

A

A. symptoms: subjective changes in a body function, not observable. e.g., pain.
B. signs: objective changes which are observable. e.g., temperature, pulse

45
Q

Anatomical position

A

Constant reference point

46
Q

Axial

A

head, neck, and trunk

47
Q

Appendicular

A

limbs

48
Q

Sagittal

A

vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts.

49
Q

Frontal

A

Divides the body into anterior (forward), and posterior (backwards) parts

50
Q

Transverse

A

Runs horizontally. Divides the body into inferior (above), and superior (below) parts

51
Q

Dorsal Body Cavity

A

A. Cranial
B. Vertebral or spinal

52
Q

Ventral Body cavity

A

A. Thoracic
- pleural
- mediastinum
B. Abdominopelvic
- abdominal
- pelvic

53
Q

Membranes in the Ventral Cavity

A

A. like a fist in a balloon
B. Membrane inside membrane with enclosed space in between
- parietal
- visceral
- space filled with watery fluid
C. Body cavity lined with serous membrane which produces the fluid
D. Membranes name depends on positions, and cavities organs inside

54
Q

Parietal

A
  • inner membrane, on the body wall
55
Q

Visceral

A

the inner membrane, on the organ wall

56
Q

Cephalic Anterior

A

Frontal, orbital, nasal, buccal, oral, mental

57
Q

Cervical

A

Throat

58
Q

Thoracic (Anterior)

A

Sternal, axillary, and mammary

59
Q

Abdominal (Anterior)

A

Umbilical

60
Q

Pelvic (Anterior)

A

Inguinal

61
Q

Pubic (Anterior)

A

Genitals

62
Q

Upper limbs (anterior)

A

acromial, brachial, antecubital, antebrachial, carpal

63
Q

Manus (anterior)

A

Pollex, palmer, digital

64
Q

Lower Limbs (anterior)

A

coxal, femoral, patellar, crural, fibular/ peroneal

65
Q

Pedal (anterior)

A

Tarsal, digital, hallux

66
Q

Cephalic (Posterior)

A

Otic, occipital

67
Q

Dorsum (Posterior)

A

Scapular, vertebral, lumbar, sacral, gluteal, perineal

68
Q

Upper Limb (Posterior)

A

Acromial, Brachial, olecranon, antebrachial

69
Q

Manus (posterior)

A

digital

70
Q

Lower Limb (posterior)

A

Femoral, popliteal, sural, fibular/ peroneal

71
Q

Pedal (anterior)

A

Calcaneal, plantar

72
Q

9 Abdominopelvic regions (right to left)

A

R Hypochondriac, epigastric, L hypochondriac, R lumbar, umbilical, L lumbar, R iliac (inguinal), hypogastric (pubic), L iliac (inguinal)

Anat/Phys1 (2 decks)

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