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A&P 2 Lecture > CHP 17- Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

CHP 17- Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the apex of the heart?

A

The point of the cone, which points toward the left hip

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2
Q

What is the base of the heart?

A

The heart’s posterior side facing the posterior rib cage

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3
Q

Externally, what is found at the boundary between the atria and ventricles?

A

An indentation known as the atrioventricular sulcus

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4
Q

What is located between the right and left ventricles?

A

The interventricular sulcus

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5
Q

What are veins?

A

Blood vessels that bring blood to the heart

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6
Q

What are arteries?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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7
Q

What does the right side of the heart do?

A

Pumps blood to the lungs

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8
Q

What does the left side of the heart do?

A

Pumps blood to the rest of the body (systemic)

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9
Q

What takes place between the tiny air sacs in the lungs called the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries?

A

Gas exchange- oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveoli into the blood in the pulmonary capillaries, and CO2 diffuses from blood in capillarys to air in alveoli to be expired

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10
Q

What is the difference between pressure in the pulmonary circuit vs the systemic circuit?

A

Pulmonary is a low pressure circuit whereas systemic is high pressure because it delivers blood to the rest of the body

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11
Q

What is the membranous structure surrounding the heart called?

A

The pericardium

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12
Q

What are the components of the pericardium?

A

The fibrous pericardium and the serous pericardium

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13
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium?

A

A tough outer layer that attaches the heart to the surrounding structures; composed of collagen bundles that make it tough and enable it to anchor the heart to structures such as diaphragm

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14
Q

What is the serous pericardium?

A

A thin inner serous membrane that produces serous fluid

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15
Q

What are the layers of the serous pericardium?

A

The parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium or epicardium

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16
Q

What is visceral pericardium?

A

Considered the most superficial layer of the heart wall

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17
Q

What is between the parietal and visceral pericardia?

A

The pericardial cavity, which is filled with serous fluid called pericardial fluid that acts as a lubricant, decreasing friction as the heart moves

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18
Q

What is deep to the visceral pericardium?

A

The myocardium

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19
Q

What are the two components of the myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue and a fibrous skeleton

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20
Q

What does cardiac muscle tissue consist of?

A

Cardiac muscle cells or myocytes and extacellular matrix

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21
Q

What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton?

A

Giving cardiac muscle cells something on which to pull when they contract, structural support, and acting as an insulator for heart’s electrical activity

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22
Q

What is the deepest layer of hear wall?

A

Endocardium

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23
Q

What is endocardium composed of?

A

Endothelium and connective tissue; endothelial cells are continuous with endothelial cells of blood vessels

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24
Q

What supplies blood to the heart?

A

A set of blood vessels collectively called the coronary circulation

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25
Q

What coronary arteries emerge from left ventricle?

A

The right and left coronary arteries– both travel to right and left atrioventricular sulci

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26
Q

What are the branches of the right coronary artery?

A

The right coronary artery gives off several branches that supply the right atrium and ventricle

  • Marginal artery
  • Posterior interventricular artery
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27
Q

What are the branches of the left coronary artery?

A

Anterior interventricular artery (supplies interventricular septum) and circumflex artery

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28
Q

What are anastomoses?

A

Systems of channels formed between blood vessels

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29
Q

What are the coronary veins?

A
  • Great cardiac vein
  • Small cardiac vein
  • Middle cardiac vein
    They all drain into the coronary sinus and then into posterior right atrium
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30
Q

What is CAD?

A

Coronary artery disease; caused by a buildup of fatty material or plaques in coronary arteries; decreases blood flow to myocardium causing myocardial ischemia

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31
Q

What is the purpose of valves?

A

To prevent backflow

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32
Q

Superior and inferior vena cava

A

Drain majority of systemic circuit into right atrium
Superior- drains deoxy blood from veins superior to diaphragm
Inferior- drains deoxy blood from veins inferior to diaphragm

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33
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

Receives deoxy blood pumped from right ventricle; splits into right and left pulmonary arteries, which bring deoxy blood to right and left lungs

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34
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Oxy blood returned to left atrium

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35
Q

Aorta

A

Supplies the entire systemic circuit with oxygenated blood

36
Q

What are the auricles?

A

Muscular pouch on atrium that expand to give the atria more space to hold blood

37
Q

What separates two atria?

A

Interatrial septum

38
Q

What are the trabeculae carnae?

A

Both ventricles have a ridged surface created by irregular protrusions of cardiac muscle tissue

39
Q

What are the papillary muscles?

A

Each ventricle contains fingerlike projections which attach to chordae tendinae

40
Q

AV valve between the right atrium and right ventricle?

A

Tricuspid valve (3 cusps)

41
Q

AV valve between left atrium and left ventricle?

A

Bicuspid or mitral valve (2 cusps)

42
Q

How do the chordae tendinae and papillary muscles work together?

A

The thin chordae tendinae attach to papillary muscles that contract just before the ventricles begin ejecting blood which creates tension to keep valves closed

43
Q

Valves between right ventricle and pulmonary circuit?

A

Semilunar valves— Pulmonary valve

44
Q

Valve between left ventricle and systemic circuit?

A

Semilunar valve— Aortic valve

45
Q

Why do cardiac muscle cells not require stimulation from the nervous system?

A

Because their electrical activity is coordinated by a population of cardiac muscle cells called pacemaker cells that rhythmically and spontaneously generate action potentials that trigger the other type of cardiac cells known as contractile cells

46
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells

A
  • Striated
  • Branched with single nucleus
  • Shorter and wider than skeletal muscle cells
  • Contain abundant myoglobin
  • A lot of mitochondria
  • Intercalated discs that join pacemaker cells to cardiac muscle cells
  • Desomosomes and gap junctions
47
Q

What are the sequence of events for CONTRACTILE CELLS

A
  1. Rapid depolarization phase
  2. Initial repolarization phase
  3. Plateau phase
  4. Repolarization phase
48
Q

What does the plateau phase prevent?

A

Tetany by lengthening the refractory period, which allows the heart to relax and ventricles to refill with blood before the cardiac muscle cells are stimulated to contract again

49
Q

Which node has the fastest rate of intrinsic depolarization?

A

The SA node; the rate is subject to influence from the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system; 60 APs per minute

50
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

Upper right atrium

51
Q

Atrioventricular node?

A

Posterior and medial to the tricuspid valve; slower than SA node; 40 APs per minute

52
Q

What is the purkinje fiber system?

A

The slowest group of pacemaker cells; 20 APs per minute; has 3 components including the atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle), right and left bundle branches, and terminal branches

53
Q

What does autorhythmicity mean?

A

The heart does not require conscious intervention to elicit cardiac muscle to contract— cardiac muscle sets its own rhythm without a need for input from nervous system

54
Q

What coordinates cardiac electrical activity?

A

Cardiac muscle cells called pacemaker cells, which rhythmically and spontaneously generate action potentials that spread to other type of cardiac muscle cells called contractile cells

55
Q

What is significant about the AV bundle?

A

It is the only electrical connection between atria and ventricles

56
Q

How are action potentials spread throughout cardiac muscle cells?

A

Gap junctions allow action potentials to spread rapidly

57
Q

What happens at the AV node?

A

Conduction slows considerably because of less gap junctions and presence of nonconducting fibrous skeleton that surrounds AV node– Known as AV node delay

58
Q

What is the purpose of the AV node delay?

A

It allows atria to depolarize and contract before the ventricles, giving the ventricles time to fill with blood. Action pote3ntial then conducted from AV bundle to right and left bundle branches and depolarization spreads along Purkinje fibers to contractile cardiac muscle cells of ventricles

59
Q

What does the P wave represent?

A

Depolarization of all cells within atria except SA node

60
Q

What does QRS complex represent?

A

Ventricular depolarization; hides atrial repolarization

61
Q

What does T wave represent?

A

Ventricular repolarization

62
Q

R-R interval?

A

Time between two successive R waves; represents entire duration of generation and spread of action potential; measured to determine heart rate

63
Q

P-R interval?

A

Represents time it takes for depolarization generated by SA node to spread through atria to ventricles

64
Q

Q-T interval?

A

Duration of ventricular action potential

65
Q

S-T segment?

A

Flat, because it is recorded during the plateau phase of ventricles

66
Q

What drives blood flow through the heart?

A

Pressure changes!!! Valves prevent backflow of blood.

67
Q

What phase are the ventricles in during ventricular filling?

A

Ventricular diastole

68
Q

What phase are the ventricles in during ventricular ejection?

A

Ventricular systole

69
Q

What happens to pressure when ventricles contract?

A

Their pressures rise above those in right and left atria and in pulmonary trunk and aorta, which cause blood to flow into great vessels. AV valves CLOSE, SL valves OPEN

70
Q

What happens to pressure when ventricles relax?

A

Pressures in ventricles fall below those in atria and in pulmonary trunk and aorta. Higher pressures in pulmonary trunk and aorta push semilunars closed. Higher pressures in atria forces AV valves open

71
Q

When is S1 heard?

A

When AV valves close

72
Q

When is S2 heard?

A

When SL valves close

73
Q

What is beats per minute known as?

A

Heart rate

74
Q

What is the amount of blood pumped into pulmonary and systemic circuits in 1 minute?

A

Cardiac Output

75
Q

What is the blood pumped in one heartbear?

A

Stroke volume

76
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

CO=HR x SV

77
Q

How is stroke volume determined?

A

EDV- ESV

78
Q

What is EDV?

A

End diastolic volume; amount of blood in ventricle after it has filled during diastole

79
Q

What is ESV?

A

End systolic volume; amount of blood in ventricle at end of contraction

80
Q

What are the three factors that influence stroke volume?

A

Preload, heart contractility, and afterload

81
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

Percentage of blood ejected with each ventricular systole; value should be equal for each ventricle

82
Q

What is preload?

A

Length or degree of stretch of sacromeres in ventricular cells before they contract

83
Q

What is a main determinant of preload?

A

End diastolic volume; EDV increases when ventricles spend more time in diastole because there is more time for them to fill with blood

84
Q

What are two factors that influence EDV?

A

Length of time ventricles spend in diastole and amount of blood returning to right ventricle from systemic circuit (venous return)

85
Q

What is the Frank- Starling law?

A

Relationship between preload and stroke volume. Increased ventricular muscle cell stretch leads to more forceful contraction. Because there is more stretch, there is a higher stroke volume

A&P 2 Lecture (3 decks)

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