Chapter 16- The Endocrine System

Question 1

Paracrine signals

Answer 1

Consists of a chemical secreted by cells into the extracellular fluid to affect nearby but different types of cells

Question 2

Autocrine signals

Answer 2

A chemical secreted by cells into the interstital fluid elicits effects from the same cell or cell type

Question 3

Endocrine signals

Answer 3

The hormone is secreted into the blood and travels to the affects into blood to affect distant tissues

Question 4

Hormones

Answer 4

They interact with their target cell and influence the cell’s functions in order to maintain fluid, electrolyte, an acid- base homeostasis, promotes growth, regulates metabolic function and more

Question 5

What are the primary endocrine glands?

Answer 5

Anterior pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal cortices
Endocrine pancreas
Thymus

Question 6

What are the secondary endocrine glands or neuroendocrine glands?

Answer 6

Testes and ovaries
Hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Adrenal medulla

Question 7

Hydrophobic hormones

Answer 7

Are able to cross membranes due to the attraction between the hormone and membrane’s fatty acid tales (Lipid soluble)

Question 8

Hydrophilic hormones

Answer 8

Cannot readily cross the phospholipid bilayer of plasma membrane to enter target cells because they are repelled by the fatty acid tails of phospholipid layer

Question 9

Amino acid based hormones

Answer 9

Consist of one or more amino acid; generally hydrophilic and therefore bind to plasma membrane receptors

Question 10

Steroid hormones

Answer 10

Cholesterol derivatives with a core of hydrocarbon rings; hydrophobic and can interact with either intracellular or plasma membrane receptors

Question 11

Hormonal stimuli

Answer 11

When some endocrine glands increase or decrease their secretion in response to other hormones
- Hypothalamus releases stimulating or inhibiting hormones, which regulates the anterior pituitary

Question 12

Humoral stimuli

Answer 12

Many endocrine cells respond to the concentration of certain ion or molecule in the blood or extracellular fluid such as glucose or calcium ions

Question 13

Neural stimuli

Answer 13

Some cells respond to signals from the nervous system

Question 14

Synergists

Answer 14

Hormones that can act on the same target cell to exert the same effect

Question 15

Antagonists

Answer 15

Hormones that act on the same target that have opposite effects

Question 16

What connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

Answer 16

The infundibulum

Question 17

Tropic hormone

Answer 17

Meaning they control secretion from other endocrine glands

Question 18

Trophic hormones

Answer 18

Induces growth in its target cell

Question 19

Where does the pituitary gland sit?

Answer 19

In the sella turcica of sphenoid bone

Question 20

Does the posterior pituitary gland make its own hormones?

Answer 20

No, the hypothalamus makes them and the posterior pituitary stores and releases those hormones

Question 21

What are the two hormones that the posterior pituitary gland releases?

Answer 21

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

Question 22

What does the anti-diuretic hormone do?

Answer 22

It controls water balance within the body. The primary function is to increase the amount of water retained by the kidneys. It causes the insertion of aquaporins into plasma membranes of cells forming kidney tubules.

Question 23

How does the hypothalamus monitor changes in solute concentration of the blood?

Answer 23

Osmoreceptors; stimulate ADH release from posterior pituitary

Question 24

What is diabetes insipidus?

Answer 24

An abnormal lack of ADH secretion or activity, which results in extreme thirst and signs of dehydration because body is unable to conserve water

Question 25

What is the function of oxytocin?

Answer 25

Oxytocin binds to the specialized cells in the mammary glands that stimulate their contraction resulting in milk ejection known as milk let down reflex— positive feedback loop within body; Also promotes emotional bonding in both sexes