CHP. 14: SENSATION AND PERCEPTION: TASTE AND VISION

Question 1

What are the five senses?

Answer 1

Vision, taste, touch, smell and hearing

Question 2

What are the sense organs for all five senses?

Answer 2

Vision = Eyes
Taste = Tongue
Touch = Skin
Smell = Nose
Hearing = Ears

Question 3

What are the sense receptors for sight and where are they located?

Answer 3

Rods and cones

Located in the retina

Question 4

What are the sense receptors for taste and where are they located?

Answer 4

Taste receptors,

Located in the taste buds

Question 5

What are the sense receptors for touch and where are they located?

Answer 5

Receptors for pressure, heat and cold,

Located in the skin

Question 6

What are the sense receptors for smell and where are they located?

Answer 6

Olfactory cilia,

Located in the nasal epithelium

Question 7

What are the sense receptors for hearing and where are they located?

Answer 7

Hair cells,

Located in the cochlea

Question 8

What is the stimulus energy for all five senses?

Answer 8

Vision = Light
Taste = Chemicals
Touch = Kinetic
Smell = Chemical
Hearing = Sound

Question 9

Define the absolute threshold

Answer 9

The minimum amount of stimulus energy needed for an observer to perceive a stimulus, in ideal conditions, 50% of the time

Question 10

What are the six stages of sensation and perception?

Answer 10

SENSATION
Reception
Transduction
Transmission

PERCEPTION
Selection
Organisation
Interpretation

Question 11

Define the Sensation stages of the Six stages of sensation and perception

Answer 11

RECEPTION: the stimulus energy is collected by the sense organ
TRANSDUCTION: the stimulus energy is converted by the receptor cells into electrochemical nerve impulses
TRANSMISSION: the receptor cells send the nerve impulses to the primary sensory cortex where specialised receptor cells respond

Question 12

Define the Perception stages of the six stages of sensation and perception

Answer 12

SELECTION: the important stimuli are selected to be paid attention to out of the millions of stimuli we receive
ORGANISATION: when the information reaches the brain, it is recognised so we can make sense of it
INTERPRETATION: past experiences, motives, values and context are involved in the process where the stimuli is given meaning

Question 13

Define the sensation stage of the six stages of sensation and perception in vision

Answer 13

SENSATION
Reception: light enters the eye through the cornea and passes through the pupil where the lens focuses the light on the retina which contains the photoreceptors
Transduction: light energy is converted by rods and cones into electrochemical nerve impulses
TRANSMISSION: the nerve impulses are sent along the optic nerve to the primary visual cortex where specialised receptor cells respond

Question 14

Define the perception stage of the six stages of sensation and perception in vision

Answer 14

PERCEPTION
Selection: the image is broken up by specialised cells called feature detectors
Organisation: the visual cortex reorganises information so that we can make sense of it
Interpretation: the process whereby the visual stimulus/object is given meaning by comparing incoming information with stored information

Question 15

Wavelengths between _______ and _______ form the visible spectrum

Answer 15

360 to 760 nanometers

Question 16

Define the role of the eye in visual perception

Answer 16

Light enters the eye through the cornea. It then passes through the pupil to the lens, where it is focused onto the retina which contains photoreceptors (light sensitive cells)

Question 17

Define rod cell photoreceptors

Answer 17

There are 125 000 000 in the eye
They are responsible for vision in low light and peripheral vision
They have low visual acuity (can’t register detail) and can only register in black and white

Question 18

Define cone cell photoreceptors

Answer 18

There are 6 500 000 in the eye
They are responsible for vision of detail and colour vision (and black and white vision in daylight)
They require high levels of light to be able to respond

Question 19

What is the benefit to humans and animals being able to taste?

Answer 19

In order to determine which foods are safe to eat and which may be bitter and dangerous

Question 20

How many taste buds are located on the tongue and throat?

Answer 20

10 000

Question 21

How many taste receptor cells are contained in each of the taste buds?

Answer 21

50-150

Question 22

How long do taste cells live?

Answer 22

About 10 days

Question 23

What are the five primary tastes?

Answer 23

Sweet, sour, bitter, salty and umami (savoury)

Question 24

Which cortex is responsible for taste?

Answer 24

The gustatory cortex

Question 25

Do certain taste buds detect only one primary taste?

Answer 25

No. All taste buds can receive all tastes but each is slightly more sensitive to one of the five primary tastes; thus certain areas of the tongue respond slightly more strongly to one taste sensation

Question 26

Define the sensation stage of the six stages of sensation and perception in taste

Answer 26

SENSATION
Reception: chemicals are dissolved in saliva during chewing
Transduction: chemical energy is converted by receptor cells on the taste buds into nerve impulses
Transmission: the nerve impulses travel to the primary gustatory cortex

Question 27

Define the perception stage of the six stages of sensation and perception in taste

Answer 27

For taste alone, perception is a very simple process- the brain simply recognises the sensation of a mixture of the five primary tastes, but combined with the smell of the food, the colour and texture.

Question 28

Define flavour

Answer 28

Taste Perception involves the senses of vision, taste, smell and touch leading to interpretation of flavour